Review on Thermal Runaway of Lithium-Ion Batteries for Electric Vehicles

Song, Liubin; Zheng, Youhang; Xiao, Zhongliang; Wang, Cheng; Long, Tianyuan

doi:10.1007/s11664-021-09281-0

Cited by 72 publications

(33 citation statements)

References 82 publications

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“…1 and 4, this equates to a "discharge current" of 1351A. The postulate presented in this paper is that the blue emission is due to a DC arc plasma dominated by emission from metastable electronically-excited nitrogen molecules and ionized species from the air, including the C 3 Π-B 3 Π system [24].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 93%

“…The thermal runaway of lithium-ion cells has been studied in signi cant detail in recent years [3] following many res and explosions involving large lithium-ion batteries (LiBs) [4] [5]. LiB res and/or explosions are caused by the uncontrolled positive feedback following the abuse of cell(s) via overcharge, crushing, penetration, heating or through defects or impurities introduced during manufacture[6].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Plasma arc generated vapour cloud from nail penetration of lithium-ion modules?

Christensen

Dickman

Lambert

et al. 2022

Preprint

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The pre-ignition stage following nail penetration of 1.67 kWh NMC(532) pouch cell modules at State-of-Charge ≤ 40% is associated with temperatures too low for combustion or pyrolysis (< 40°C), yet large volumes of a vapour cloud are produced. The vapour cloud is associated directly with a blue emission and it is suggested that this emission is due to the nitrogen in a plasma arc. Plasmas are increasingly associated with highly novel chemical processes.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 93%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Plasma arc generated vapour cloud from nail penetration of lithium-ion modules?

Christensen

Dickman

Lambert

et al. 2022

Preprint

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“…For lithium-ion batteries, the optimum operating temperature is between 20 and 40 °C, and the temperature difference between battery cells of the same pack should be less than 5 °C. Furthermore, the improper distribution of temperature can cause significant performance degradation and may also lead to overheating and thermal runaway [ 7 , 8 , 9 ]. For these reasons, the battery thermal management system (BTMS) is one of the most crucial elements of an electric train.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Validation of a Lumped Parameter Model of the Battery Thermal Management System of a Hybrid Train by Means of Ultrasonic Clamp-On Flow Sensor Measurements and Hydronic Optimization

Rosa

Romagnuolo

Frosina

et al. 2022

Sensors

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Electrification of the field of transport is one of the key elements needed to reach the targets of greenhouse gas emissions reduction and carbon neutrality planned by the European Green Deal. In the railway sector, the hybrid powertrain solution (diesel–electric) is emerging, especially for non-electrified lines. Electric components, especially battery power systems, need an efficient thermal management system that guarantees the batteries will work within specific temperature ranges and a thermal uniformity between the modules. Therefore, a hydronic balancing needs to be realized between the parallel branches that supply the battery modules, which is often realized by introducing pressure losses in the system. In this paper, a thermal management system for battery modules (BTMS) of a hybrid train has been studied experimentally, to analyze the flow rates in each branch and the pressure losses. Since many branches of this system are built inside the battery box of the hybrid train, flow rate measurements have been conducted by means of an ultrasonic clamp-on flow sensor because of its minimal invasiveness and its ability to be quickly installed without modifying the system layout. Experimental data of flow rate and pressure drop have then been used to validate a lumped parameter model of the system, realized in the Simcenter AMESim® environment. This tool has then been used to find the hydronic balancing condition among all the battery modules; two solutions have been proposed, and a comparison in terms of overall power saved due to the reduction in pressure losses has been performed.

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“…3−7 Nevertheless, the use of flammable organic electrolytes has raised severe safety hazards, especially at abused conditions, which retards the further development of LIBs in large-scale energy storage. 8,9 Replacing flammable nonaqueous electrolytes with nonflammable aqueous electrolytes is an effective approach to alleviate the safety concerns. However, the inherently narrow electrochemical stability window of water (1.23 V) limits the output voltage as well as restricts the choice of high-energy-density electrode materials.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…With the aggravation of environmental pollution caused by fossil fuel energy, developing energy storage technology with high safety and long cycle life at low cost to efficiently utilize intermittent renewable energy is urgently needed. , Nonaqueous lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) with high specific energy and long cycle life have already been widely used in smart electronics and electric vehicles. − Nevertheless, the use of flammable organic electrolytes has raised severe safety hazards, especially at abused conditions, which retards the further development of LIBs in large-scale energy storage. , Replacing flammable nonaqueous electrolytes with nonflammable aqueous electrolytes is an effective approach to alleviate the safety concerns. However, the inherently narrow electrochemical stability window of water (1.23 V) limits the output voltage as well as restricts the choice of high-energy-density electrode materials .…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Suppressing Hydrogen Evolution in Aqueous Lithium-Ion Batteries with Double-Site Hydrogen Bonding

Zhou

Tian

et al. 2022

ACS Energy Lett.

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The recent concept of "molecular crowding agents" offering hydrogen bond (H-bond) accepting sites for free water molecules has alleviated parasitic hydrogen evolution in aqueous electrolytes. However, their cathodic limits are still not low enough to be compatible with the energy-dense Li 4 Ti 5 O 12 anode (1.55 V vs Li + /Li). Inspired by nature's choice of a peptide unit featuring an amide group in forming extensive H-bond networks with water, herein, we select caprolactam, an imide analogous to the amide group in a peptide, to reduce water activity via regulating the H-bond. The introduced caprolactam containing both an H-bond acceptor and donor effectively confines water molecules in a double-site anchoring configuration with strengthened H-bonding interactions and interrupts the original H-bonding among water molecules. This unique solution structure delays the onset potential of hydrogen evolution to 1.3 V vs Li + /Li, which enables the cycling of a Li 4 Ti 5 O 12 /LiMn 2 O 4 full cell with an average Coulombic efficiency of 99.7% and 78% capacity retention after 350 cycles.

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Review on Thermal Runaway of Lithium-Ion Batteries for Electric Vehicles

Cited by 72 publications

References 82 publications

Plasma arc generated vapour cloud from nail penetration of lithium-ion modules?

Plasma arc generated vapour cloud from nail penetration of lithium-ion modules?

Validation of a Lumped Parameter Model of the Battery Thermal Management System of a Hybrid Train by Means of Ultrasonic Clamp-On Flow Sensor Measurements and Hydronic Optimization

Suppressing Hydrogen Evolution in Aqueous Lithium-Ion Batteries with Double-Site Hydrogen Bonding

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