The last few decades have seen ubiquitous and increasing contamination of chlorinated paraffins (CPs) worldwide. Here, we develop the first global inventories of production, use, in-use stocks, and emissions of total CPs, including the short-, medium- and long-chain components (SCCPs, MCCPs, and LCCPs) during 1930–2020 using a dynamic substance flow analysis model named Chemical in Products Comprehensive Anthroposhpheric Fate Estimation. The model estimates that a total of ∼33 million metric tons of CPs have been produced and used globally, ∼40% of which still resided in in-use products by 2020 and is available for long-term emissions in the next decades. Global cumulative emissions of CPs have increased to ∼5.2 million metric tons by 2020, with SCCPs, MCCPs, and LCCPs accounting for ∼30, 40, and 30%, respectively. While the production, use, and emissions of CPs started declining in regions such as Western Europe, they remain high in China. The model also suggests that homologues with 10, 14, and 22–23 carbons were predominant in the cumulatively produced and emitted SCCPs, MCCPs, and LCCPs, respectively. The emission estimates were evaluated by generating environmental concentrations that are comparable to literature-reported environmental monitoring data. Our estimates provide opportunities to link the environmental fate and occurrence of CPs to emission sources and lay the basis for future risk-reduction strategies of CPs around the world.

Dental Caries is a kind of chronic oral disease that greatly threaten human being’s health. Though dentists and researchers struggled for decades to combat this oral disease, the incidence and prevalence of dental caries remain quite high. Therefore, improving the disease management is a key issue for the whole population and life cycle management of dental caries. So clinical difficulty assessment system of caries prevention and management is established based on dental caries diagnosis and classification. Dentists should perform oral examination and establish dental records at each visit. When treatment plan is made on the base of caries risk assessment and carious lesion activity, we need to work out patient‑centered and personalized treatment planning to regain oral microecological balance, to control caries progression and to restore the structure and function of the carious teeth. And the follow-up visits are made based on personalized caries management. This expert consensus mainly discusses caries risk assessment, caries treatment difficulty assessment and dental caries treatment plan, which are the most important parts of caries management in the whole life cycle.

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Objective. To determine associations of adverse childhood experiences (ACE) with adult health care utilization in an underserved, low-income population. Methods. Questionnaires on ACE were completed by 38,200 adults (mean age 54), two-thirds African American, recruited from community health centers (CHCs) across 12 Southeastern states. Odds ratios (ORs) and accompanying 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were computed. Results. The percentages reporting emergency room visits and doctor’s office visits, with high chronic disease index scores, rose monotonically (ptrend<.001) with rising ACE score. Odds ratios (CIs) for those with four or more vs. zero ACEs were 1.37 (95% CI 1.27–1.47) for 1–10 times and 1.80 (95% CI 1.29–2.52) for more than 10 times ER visits, 1.37 (95% CI 1.18–1.59) for over 10 doctor’s visits, and 2.29 (95% CI 2.06–2.54) for three or more chronic diseases. Conclusions. High ACE levels were associated with greater chronic disease burden and greater health care utilization in adulthood. Long-lasting effects from ACE on the health care of underserved populations are indicated. There is an urgent need to train health care providers, patients, and their families on ACE effects and treatments for better health care outcomes.

The study was designed to observe the effects of long-term treatment with candesartan cilexetil (candesartan) on blood pressure (BP), blood pressure variability (BPV), baroreflex sensitivity (BRS) and end-organ damage (EOD) in sinoaortic denervated (SAD) rats. Candesartan was mixed in rat chow at an estimated dose of 3 mg/kg/day. After 12 weeks of drug administration, rats were instrumented to determine BP, BPV and BRS in conscious state. Organ damage was estimated by observation of morphologic changes. When compared with sham-operated rats, SAD rats exhibited increased BPV, decreased BRS, and normal BP and plasma angiotensin II level. Left ventricular and aortic hypertrophies and renal lesion were found in SAD rats. Candesartan significantly decreased BP and BPV, ameliorated impaired BRS, increased plasma angiotensin II level and obviously diminished the EOD in SAD rats. Multiple-regression analysis shows that decrease in left ventricular hypertrophy was mainly related to decrease in systolic BPV. Decrease in aortic hypertrophy was mainly determined by increase in BRS and decrease in systolic BP. Amelioration in renal lesion was predicted by increase in BRS and decrease in systolic BPV. BRS was the most important determinant for renal lesion and aortic hypertrophy in SAD rats. In addition, plasma angiotensin II level was higher in candesartan-treated rats. In conclusion, long-term treatment with candesartan prevented SAD-induced organ damage. Restoration of arterial baroreflex function, decrease in BPV, and blockade of activated renin-angiotensin system may contribute to the organ protective action of candesartan in SAD rats.

Abstract. Ecosystems in alpine mountainous regions are vulnerable and easily disturbed by global environmental change. Alpine swamp meadow, a unique grassland type in the eastern Tibetan Plateau that provides important ecosystem services to the upstream and downstream regions of international rivers of Asia and other parts of the world, is undergoing severe degradation, which can dramatically alter soil hydraulic properties and water cycling processes. However, the effects of alpine swamp meadow degradation on soil hydraulic properties and the corresponding influencing mechanisms are still poorly understood. In this study, soil moisture content (SMC), field capacity (FC) and saturated hydraulic conductivity (K s ) together with several basic soil properties under lightly degraded (LD), moderately degraded (MD) and severely degraded (SD) alpine swamp meadow were investigated; the variations in SMC, FC and K s with alpine swamp meadow degradation and their dominant influencing factors were analysed. The results showed that SMC and FC decreased consistently from LD to SD, while K s decreased from LD to MD and then increased from MD to SD, following the order of LD > SD > MD. Significant differences in soil hydraulic properties between degradation degrees were found in the upper soil layers (0-20 cm), indicating that the influences of degradation were most pronounced in the topsoils. FC was positively correlated with capillary porosity, water-stable aggregates, soil organic carbon, and silt and clay content; K s was positively correlated with non-capillary porosity (NCP). Relative to other soil properties, soil porosity is the dominant factor influencing FC and K s . Capillary porosity explained 91.1 % of total variance in FC, and NCP explained 97.3 % of total variance in K s . The combined effect of disappearing root activities and increasing sand content was responsible for the inconsistent patterns of NCP and K s . Our findings suggest that alpine swamp meadow degradation would inevitably lead to reduced water holding capacity and rainfall infiltration. This study provides a more comprehensive understanding of the soil hydrological effects of vegetation degradation. Further hydrological modelling studies in the Tibetan Plateau and similar regions are recommended to understand the effects of degraded alpine swamp meadows on soil hydraulic properties.

Objectives Adverse childhood experiences (ACE) can affect health in adulthood. We investigate the relationship between childhood experiences and adult cancer risk and screening behaviors in a racially diverse, low income population. Methods Nearly 22,000 adults 40 years and older in the Southern Community Cohort Study were administered the ACE questionnaire. We estimated odds ratios (OR) for the prevalence of smoking, alcohol consumption, BMI and five cancer screening methods in relation to the ACE score. Results Over half reported at least one ACE, with percentages higher for women (61%) than men (53%). Higher ACE scores were related to increased prevalence of smoking (ORs 1.25 (1.05–1.50) to 2.33 (1.96–2.77). Little association was seen between rising ACE score and alcohol consumption or BMI, except for a modest trend in morbid obesity (BMI ≥ 40 kg/m2). Mammography and cervical cancer screening decreased with rising ACE scores, but no trends were seen with prostate or colorectal cancer screening. Conclusions Adverse childhood experiences are strong predictors of adult cancer risk behaviors, particularly increased likelihood of smoking, and among women, lower mammography and Pap screening rates.

In this study, soil samples collected from different plain afforestation time (1 year, 4 years, 10 years, 15 years, and 20 years) in Miyun were characterized, including total organic carbon (TOC), total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP), available K (K+), microbial biomass carbon (MBC), and dissolved organic carbon (DOC). The DOM in the soil samples with different afforestation time was further characterized via DOC, UV-Visible spectroscopy, excitation-emission matrix (EEM) fluorescence spectroscopy, and 1H NMR spectroscopy. The results suggested that the texture of soil sample was sandy. The extracted DOM from soil consisted mainly of aliphatic chains and only a minor aromatic component. It can be included that afforestation can improve the soil quality to some extent, which can be partly reflected from the indexes like TOC, TN, TP, K+, MBC, and DOC. And the characterization of DOM implied that UV humic-like substances were the major fluorophores components in the DOM of the soil samples, which consisted of aliphatic chains and aromatic components with carbonyl, carboxyl, and hydroxyl groups.