The formation of H 2 Ti 3 O 7 nanotubes, nanofibers, nanowires, and nanobelts via alkali hydrothermal synthesis was studied in detail by TEM and HRTEM. The effects of preparation parameters, such as reaction temperature, duration, and cooling process, on the morphologies of the products are clarified. A universal formation mechanism is proposed based on the growth, split, wrapping, and thickening of Na 2 Ti 3 O 7 nanointermediates, which links all kinds of morphologies observed for H 2 Ti 3 O 7 nanoentities.

SUMMARY Glucagon Like Peptide 1 (GLP-1)-expressing neurons in the hindbrain send robust projections to the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVN), which is involved in the regulation of food intake. Here, we describe that stimulation of GLP-1 afferent fibers within the PVN is sufficient to suppress food intake independent of glutamate release. We also show that GLP-1 receptor (GLP-1R) activation augments excitatory synaptic strength in PVN corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) neurons, with GLP-1R activation promoting a protein kinase A (PKA) dependent signaling cascade leading to phosphorylation of serine S845 on GluA1 AMPA receptors and their trafficking to the plasma membrane. Finally, we show that postnatal depletion of GLP-1R in the PVN increases food intake and causes obesity. This study provides a comprehensive multi-level (circuit, synaptic, and molecular) explanation of how food intake behavior and body weight are regulated by endogenous central GLP-1.

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