Japanese Language considered as an HC (high context) language. It means that the context of communication is essential in socio-cultural discourses regarding Japanese language use. Nishijima (2007) stated that communicative behaviors are different in every language because of its’socio-cultural background. Japanese is a language that often considers other people’s feeling, especially interlocutor’s. This paper aims to analyze and explain how Japanese native speaker and Indonesian Japanese learners giving an explanation or reason ina refusal situation. The data in this study collected through DiscourseCompletion Test (DCT), consisting a single role-play situation which participant will read to elicit the response from another participant. The participants in this study including 16 Japanese Native Speakers (JNS) and 20 Indonesian Japanese Learners (IJL). The results of this study suggested that both JNS and IJL tend to explain their reason in a refusal situation based on the socio-cultural background in their language. JNS tend to make an excuse for the things that they can not do and ask if it may make their interlocutor in trouble because of their incapability. On the other hand, Indonesian tend to make an excuse because they feel they are incapable of doing the request.
Many studies of backchannels have focused mainly on verbalized backchannels, such as `soudesuka`, `hontou`, `really`, `yeah` etc. But, in this research, we analyzed backchannel verbally and non-verbally in Japanese and Indonesian language in the interview setting. The interview interactions are quite different from everyday conversation. First, participants 'roles are well defined; they have restricted obligation and creates an asymmetric interaction. The host act as a topic controller and listener in the conversation will make much more listening behavior. In this present study, How Japanese engaged highly backchannel in their conversation than other languages also observed. This research is using conversation analysis method of Otsuka `s framework, which examines 20 pairs of Japanese and Indonesian native speaker's dyad. The participants were asked to be a host and a guest in an interview setting and give an answer in the prepared question. Analysis of the present study revealed a high frequency of backchannel behavior by the host occurs in both languages. The findings indicate that the differences in the use of listening behaviors produced in the frequency of backchannel. The host in both languages acts as most as a topic controller so somewhat gives backchannel verbally and non-nonverbally more than the guest. This study also confirms that The Japanese native speaker is an active listener so that backchannel is an essential communicative tool in Japanese, regardless of the context.
The present study is a longitudinal study for approximately 26 months to the Indonesian child and has been through her second language acquisition in Japan. A Longitudinal study is a research design that involved repeated observation of the same variables over long periods. The acquisition process took place for about four years. After returning to Indonesia, the family wants to keep her second language and do some second language maintenance. While in her process to be bilingual, she experienced a process of code-switching and code-mixing in her daily life using their mother tongue, Indonesian, and her second language, Japanese. This research focuses on how the child maintains her second language and how the bilingual process's phenomena occur through interactions in the family environment. Several language transfers from the second language to the first language occur in their daily life using Indonesian. This study uses an ethnographic research approach. Conducting ethnographic research requires a long-term process by making detailed notes about the group's behavior and beliefs from time to time. Observation and interviews are the procedures used in data collection in the field. The transfer language process is used through the code-mixing, code-switching, and preservation process of the second language after returning home. The results saw that the child both uses language systems in each language and sometimes mixed in between languages, as she has her languages.Keywords: code-switching; language mixing; Japanese as a second language; bilingual process
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