Since the 1960s, the United States developed ‘Reid interrogation technique’, and its variations have been widely used around the world. Due to its interrogative and confession-driven nature – and thus the increased risk of false confessions – many countries (including Australia) have since moved away from this model towards the UK-developed PEACE-approach. This article will utilise case studies and forensic psychological research to explain how coercive techniques used during police interviews increase the risk of false confessions. It will then describe the implementation of investigative interviewing in Australia by presenting an analysis of those state and territory police manuals which are publicly available.
Law enforcement has experienced difficulties retrieving information stored on the mobile devices of suspects. Over the last years, a number of Australian jurisdictions enacted legislation that allows police officers to compel an individual to unlock their device (such as providing a PIN or fingerprint to unlock the device). Non-compliance with these legislative provisions is punishable by imprisonment. The refusal by suspects to comply with an order to unlock their devices has been addressed in a number of Australian courts. In this article, the authors will discuss this legislative activity and the courts’ responses in light of the privilege against self-incrimination.
Psychological research has been pivotal in influencing the way police forces globally approach and undertake criminal investigations. Increasing psychological research in recent years has led to the development of best-practice guidelines for conducting police investigations, across a number of key areas of criminal investigation. For example, procedures for creating and conducting lineups as recommended by the American Psychology-Law Society, and the UK-developed PEACE model for investigative interviewing, have both been of influence in Australia. However, the extent to which these evidence-based recommendations have been incorporated into policing practice within Australia is unclear. In this article, we conducted an exploratory review of publicly available policing documents within Australian states and territories, to determine the extent to which best practice lineup identification and investigative interviewing procedures have been adopted into police practice. The review revealed that for lineup identification procedures, many of the basic recommendations for conducting lineups were not incorporated into publicly available policing manuals. For investigative interviewing, it appeared on the surface that elements of the PEACE model were implemented within most Australian jurisdictions, albeit this was often not explicitly stated within policing documents. A key issue identified was a lack of (understandable) public transparency of policing procedure, as a number of Australian jurisdictions failed to have publicly available policing manuals or handbooks against which to evaluate their procedures. Therefore, we argue that there is a need for better collaboration between researchers and law enforcement in order to achieve evidence-based, transparent policing within Australia.
This study examines the effectiveness of positive thinking skills training on student’s happiness. In this study, using a twogroup experimental design, 30 female students from Sharif University were chosen. These subjects randomaly assigned two groups (each with 15 Ss.). Oxford Happiness Questionnaire was administered for both groups in pretest condition. The experimental group experienced an eoght session interrention on positive thinking skills training. Research findings revealed that the applied intervention significantly increased happiness and its components. In sum, the results emphasized the cognitive manipulation effects on subjective happiness.
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