The human herpesviruses Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and, supporting an essential role of EBV in HL lymphomagenesis (1). EBV ϩ HRS cells express the viral protein latent membrane protein 2A (LMP2A), which can functionally replace the BCR because Ig-negative B cells can only survive if infected with EBV but not with an LMP2A-negative EBV mutant (4). BCR and LMP2A both contain an immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motif (ITAM) (5, 6), which is central for the induction of BCR signaling cascades. In contrast to the BCR, LMP2A is thought to be constitutively active and independent of any ligand or antigen encounter (references 7 and 8 and references therein). EBV also encodes LMP1, a constitutive CD40 receptor mimic that provides a second survival signal for B cells. LMP1 together with LMP2A activates HRS cells, protects them from apoptosis, and induces their proliferation (1, 9).PEL tumor cells are infected with KSHV, and ca. 80% are EBV ϩ , although LMP1 and LMP2A are barely expressed (10,11

All authors developed the study concept together, and all contributed to the study design. L.S. and P.S. performed data acquisition and preprocessing in Study 1 supervised by S.W. who also coordinated and supervised data acquisition in Studies 1b, 2, and 3. Data analysis in Study 1 was prepared by L.S. and P.S., and was carried out and extended to Studies 2 and 3 by S.W. Manuscript and revisions were written by S.W. with L.S. and P.S. providing editorial assistance. All authors checked and approved the final version of the manuscript. Paper accepted for publication by Emotion (August 2021).

The study investigated facial attribution bias. Instead of asking participants to attribute character to faces, as usually done, we did the opposite: Participants were asked to generate the faces of specified characters, namely an aggressive/dominant male or the opposite (peaceful-submissive male). Participants used three methods: They generated free drawings, selected features from an assembly-kit, or edited facial photographs using PC software. We investigated facial width-to-height ratio in these generated portraits. We found that participants did not model static facial width to express character; instead they modelled expressed emotions, anger in particular. This reduced facial height, thereby increasing fWHR.