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This study investigated the social, cultural, cognitive, affective, and physical byproducts that occur when people gather together to make music in an amateur setting. Using a theoretical framework derived from the works of ethnomusicologist Blacking and sociologist Martin, the paper also draws inspiration from other seminal authors including theorist Wenger and sociomusicologist Russell. Participants included members of a jazz combo and community concert choir in a large urban Canadian city. Structured observation, semi-structured interviews with individuals, and focus groups were used to gather the data. Regardless of the participants' background music training (formal or informal), results suggest that all were able to express their musicality within the group and the community setting through activities that encompass the secondary aspects of the groups' musical practice. The article concludes with a call for professionals who interact with people through music to consider the nature and value of the secondary aspects of collective music-making.

Abstract. School engagement during adolescence is an important personal asset for youth development. While multiple factors contribute to student engagement at school, research on the role of curricular factors is scarce. Based on a secondary analysis of data from Cycle 3 of the National Longitudinal Survey of Children and Youth, this study examined the associations of Canadian students’ enjoyment of arts education, language arts, mathematics, physical education, and science with their engagement at school during early and middle adolescence, accounting for relevant demographic, family, peer, school, and community factors. All things considered, high levels of enjoyment of physical education and arts education   were among the top factors making a contribution to school engagement in both periods of adolescence, and enjoyment of physical education was actually the strongest contributor to school engagement in early adolescence. The findings suggest that curricular factors, and in particular the quality of students’ experiences in physical education and arts education, may be more important than previously recognized in terms of understanding and promoting school engagement in early and middle adolescence. Specifically, the findings provide initial evidence that a positive experience in physical education and arts education can contribute to student engagement and valuing of school. In addition, the findings provide further support for the role of participation in extracurricular activities and after school programs in fostering a sense of connectedness to and endorsement of school values and outcomes during the developmental periods considered.Resumen. La implicación con la escuela durante la adolescencia es un importante activo personal para el desarrollo humano. Sin embargo, la investigación sobre el rol de factores curriculares es escasa. A partir de un análisis secundario de datos del Ciclo 3 de la Encuesta nacional del desarrollo de los niños y los jóvenes, este estudio examina las asociaciones del disfrute de las Artes, las Lenguas, las Matemáticas, la Educación Física y las Ciencias con la implicación escolar en estudiantes canadienses durante la adolescencia temprana y media, teniendo en cuenta factores demográficos, familiares, sociales, escolares y comunitarios relevantes. Niveles altos de disfrute de la Educación Física y de las Artes fueron dos de los factores que más contribuyeron en este estudio a la implicación escolar durante la adolescencia temprana y media, mientras que el disfrute de la Educación Física se reveló específicamente como el factor más importante en la adolescencia temprana. Factores curriculares, y en particular la calidad de la experiencia de los alumnos en las asignaturas de Educación Física y de Artes, pueden ser más importantes que lo pensado anteriormente para comprender y promover el compromiso con la escuela durante la adolescencia temprana y media. Los resultados proporcionan evidencias iniciales de que una experiencia positiva en las asignaturas de Educación Física y de Artes puede contribuir a un mayor compromiso con la escuela y una valoración favorable de la misma por parte de los alumnos y refuerzan el rol de la participación en actividades extracurriculares y programas fuera del horario escolar.

This article provides a description of the state-sponsored music education system in Cuban schools. Drawing upon documentary research as well as extended visits to Cuba, the article opens with a brief history of public schooling and music education in the nation. Going on to outline the current status of music education, the article pays specific attention to reforms implemented after the Cuban Revolution of 1959 as related to organizational structure, teacher training, and curriculum design. The article concludes with a critique of the status of music education in contemporary Cuba.

A pesquisa qualitativa tem figurado com ênfase no campo das investigações musicoterapêuticas. Para estudar esse fato, este trabalho teve por objetivo descrever os princípios fundamentais da pesquisa qualitativa e suas relações com a pesquisa em musicoterapia. O texto, organizado em quatro partes, contempla 1) a evolução histórica do conhecimento científico ocidental até o advento da pesquisa qualitativa, 2) aspectos e fazeres que distinguem a abordagem qualitativa, 3) uma revisão de literatura que sistematizou as pesquisas musicoterapêuticas publicadas nos periódicos InCantare e Revista Brasileira da Musicoterapia, 4) uma discussão que articulou as partes em um todo. Trata-se de uma revisão histórica, de cunho qualitativo, tecida na perspectiva dialética que considerou pessoas e fatos históricos nas circunstâncias objetivas de vida. Os resultados mostraram a prevalência da abordagem qualitativa na pesquisa musicoterapêutica e especificidades como a observação e a utilização de relatórios para a obtenção de dados. Os dados sugeriram etapas da evolução da pesquisa musicoterapêutica e a demanda por estratégias metodológicas que fortaleçam as investigações e a construção teórica da musicoterapia.

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