Regulated emissions from 21 in-use heavy-duty diesel
vehicles were measured on a heavy-duty chassis
dynamometer via three driving cycles using a low-sulfur
diesel fuel. Emissions of particulate matter (PM), nitrogen
oxides (NO
x
), carbon monoxide (CO), total hydrocarbon
(THC), and PM sulfate fraction were measured. For hot start
tests, emissions ranged from 0.30 to 7.43 g/mi (mean
1.96) for PM; 4.15−54.0 g/mi (mean 23.3) for NO
x
; 2.09−86.2 g/mi (mean 19.5) for CO; and 0.25−8.25 g/mi (mean 1.70)
for THC. When emissions are converted to a g/gal basis,
the effect of driving cycle is eliminated for NO
x
and largely
eliminated for PM. Sulfate comprised less than 1% of
the emitted PM for all vehicles and test cycles. A strong
correlation is observed between emissions of CO and PM.
Cold starting at 77 °F produced an 11% increase in PM
emissions. Multivariate regression analyses indicate that in-use PM emissions have decreased at a slower rate than
anticipated based on the stricter engine certification test
standards put into effect since 1985. NO
x
emissions do not
decrease with model year for the vehicles tested here.
Smoke opacity measurements are not well correlated with
mass emissions of regulated pollutants.
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