Skin whitening has become one of the aesthetic problems among humans around the world, especially on women which is highly attention to skin beauty and whitening. Many of the plant extracts in oral energy drinks have whitening effects and good taste, which can support the health of the skin. We use the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) as a search engine to find literatures about skin whitening, oral plant extracts. This review mainly introduces the mechanism of skin whitening and the application of oral plant extracts in skin whitening. Skin whitening at melanin synthesis, melanosome transport, metabolism, oxidative stress, UV stimulation, other environmental stimulation inseparable. Many oral plant extracts are natural tyrosine inhibitors. The review concludes the melanin synthesis and transporting, pathway of melanin synthesis, whitening mechanism and the function of whitening on Green tea polyphenols, Rose Petal Extract (Rosa gallica), Pears, Peony, Rosa roxburghii Tratt, Olive (Olea europaea L.), Pomegranates, Phyllanthus emblica L., Mulberry extract, Açaí berry, saussurea involucrate flavonoids extract, etc. These will provide a strong foundation for the application of oral plant extracts in skin whitening. Furthermore, the mixture with function of skin whitening/ skin anti-aging / anti-inflammatory antioxidant oral plant extract can be a good candidate for further development on skin care product.
Ultraviolet (UV) irradiation causes acute and chronic cutaneous effects that may result in photodamage and photoaging. Epidermis keratinocytes, as the closest surface of skin, are susceptible to damage from UV rays. Phyllanthus emblica Linn. fruit (PE) extract, as a medicine and food dual-use plant, contains high levels of polyphenols and possesses multiple pharmacological properties. The present study investigated common and different molecular mechanisms and signaling pathway activations of UVA and UVB stimulated cell damage and photoprotective effect of PE extract against UVA and UVB by Methyl Thiazolyl Tetrazolium (MTT) method, Elisa assay, flow cytometry, differentially expressed genes analysis and western blot analysis. The results showed that UVA exposure (10 J/cm 2 ) reduced HaCaT cell viability significantly, increased the apoptosis rate, elevated intracellular reactive oxygen species level and reduced antioxidant enzyme activities. And UVA irradiation could inhibit the ERK/TGF-β/Smad signaling pathway to downregulate collagen I, collagen III and elastin expressions, resulting in the photoaging of skin cells. We also found UVB exposure (30 mJ/cm 2 ) caused HaCaT cell damage, promoted apoptosis, increased ROS production and induced the release of proinflammatory cytokines (IL-1α, IL-6 and PGE2). Further, in HaCaT cells, UVB ray was able to induce the activation of apoptosis markers (cleaved PARP1 and cleaved caspase3) through the MAPK/AP-1 signaling pathway using western blot analysis. Pre-treatment of PE extract prevented the UVA and UVB induced photoaging and injury in HaCaT cells through activation of ERK/TGF-β/Smad pathway and inhibition of MAPK/AP-1 pathway, respectively. Therefore, PE extract has the potential to be used as an oral and topical preparation against skin aging and injury induced by UVA and UVB.
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