stability of perovskite materials under photo-, thermal, or moisture stresses, and the volatile nature of the organic cations in the prototype (organic-inorganic hybrid) perovskite composition, may hinder their commercialization. [3][4][5] To address the stability issues, all-inorganic perovskite solar cells (PVSCs) based on cesium (Cs) lead halide has been developed and has drawn considerable research attention, wherein the organic cations in the perovskite structure are completely replaced by the inorganic Cs ions, whose atomic size is suitable to form the perovskite crystal structure. [6][7][8][9] Among all the Cs-based PVSCs, the cesium lead iodine (CsPbI 3 ) has the most favorable bandgap (1.73 eV), but the black phase of CsPbI 3 is not stable at room temperature. [10,11] Therefore, various methods have been investigated including partially substituting I or Pb ions in the CsPbI 3 perovskite with Br or Sn ions, which regulates the tolerance factor of the lattice and thus improves the phase stability of blackphase CsPbI 3 . [12][13][14][15] Among them, CsPbI 2 Br shows good phase stability and a reasonable bandgap of 1.92 eV, which is suitable for perovskite/silicon tandem cells applications. [10,16,17] At present, PCE of over 19% has been reported for allinorganic PVSCs that employed the doped Spiro-OMeTAD as Designing new hole-transporting materials (HTMs) with desired chemical, electrical, and electronic properties is critical to realize efficient and stable inverted perovskite solar cells (PVSCs) with a p-i-n structure. Herein, the synthesis of a novel 3D small molecule named TPE-S and its application as an HTM in PVSCs are shown. The all-inorganic inverted PVSCs made using TPE-S, processed without any dopant or post-treatment, are highly efficient and stable. Compared to control devices based on the commonly used HTM, PEDOT:PSS, devices based on TPE-S exhibit improved optoelectronic properties, more favorable interfacial energetics, and reduced recombination due to an improved trap passivation effect. As a result, the all-inorganic CsPbI 2 Br PVSCs based on TPE-S demonstrate a remarkable efficiency of 15.4% along with excellent stability, which is the one of the highest reported values for inverted all-inorganic PVSCs. Meanwhile, the TPE-S layer can also be generally used to improve the performance of organic/inorganic hybrid inverted PVSCs, which show an outstanding power conversation efficiency of 21.0%, approaching the highest reported efficiency for inverted PVSCs. This work highlights the great potential of TPE-S as a simple and general dopant-free HTM for different types of high-performance PVSCs.

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In response to the energy crisis, global warming, and climate changes, microalgae have received a great deal of attention as a biofuel feedstock. Due to a high lipid content in microalgal cells, microalgae present as a promising alternative source for the production of biodiesel. Environmental and culturing condition variations can alter lipid production as well as chemical compositions of microalgae. Therefore, application of the strategies to activate lipid accumulation opens the door for lipid overproduction in microalgae. Until now, many original studies regarding the approaches for enhanced microalgal lipid production have been reported in an effort to push forward the production of microalgal biodiesel. However, the current literature demonstrates fragmented information available regarding the strategies for lipid production improvement. From the systematic point of view, the review highlights the main approaches for microalgal lipid accumulation induction to expedite the application of microalgal biodiesel as an alternative to fossil diesel for sustainable environment. Of the several strategies discussed, the one that is most commonly applied is the design of nutrient (e.g., nitrogen, phosphorus, and sulfur) starvation or limitation. Other viable approaches such as light intensity, temperature, carbon dioxide, salinity stress, and metal influence can also achieve enhanced microalgal lipid production.

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In response to the energy crisis, global warming and climate change, microalgae have received a lot of attention as a promising feedstock for the production of biofuels. However, microalgal biofuels are still unaffordable due to low productivity and their substantial requirements in capital investment and operation costs. Much original research regarding the various microalgal cultivation strategies has been reported, in an attempt to promote microalgal biofuel production. However, current literature indicates the fragmented nature of information available regarding the strategies for the improvement of microalgal production for biofuel conversion. From a systematic perspective, this review highlights the main microalgal cultivation strategies for the achievement of improved biomass and biofuel productivity. It first discloses the current state of microalgal production as a biofuel feedstock, giving general introduction to the topic. Subsequently, it summarizes the current microalgae cultivation technology. Microalgal cultivation strategies are then discussed systematically, including integration with wastewater treatment and CO2 mitigation, batch vs. semi‐continuous vs. continuous culture, two‐stage continuous cultivation, co‐culture, stress culture, and microalgal cultivation with harvest water recycling. Finally, concluding remarks are put forward. © 2015 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd

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Four novel IrIII and PtII complexes with cyclometalated ligands bearing a carbazole framework are prepared and characterized by elemental analysis, NMR spectroscopy, and mass spectrometry. Single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction studies of complexes 1, 3, and 4 reveal that the 3‐ or 2‐position C atom of the carbazole unit coordinates to the metal center. The difference in the ligation position results in significant shifts in the emission spectra with the changes in wavelength being 84 nm for the Ir complexes and 63 nm for the Pt complexes. The electrochemical behavior and photophysical properties of the complexes are investigated, and correlate well with the results of density functional theory (DFT) calculations. Electroluminescent devices with a configuration of ITO/NPB/CBP:dopant/BCP/AlQ3/LiF/Al can attain very high efficiencies.