Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) greatly increases the afterload on the right ventricle (RV), triggering RV hypertrophy, which progressively leads to RV failure. In contrast, the disease reduces the passive filling pressure of the left ventricle (LV), resulting in LV atrophy. We investigated whether these distinct structural and functional consequences to the ventricles affect their respective energy efficiencies. We studied trabeculae isolated from both ventricles of Wistar rats with monocrotaline-induced PAH and their respective Control groups. Trabeculae were mounted in a calorimeter at 37°C. While contracting at 5 Hz, they were subjected to stress-length work-loops over a wide range of afterloads. They were subsequently required to undergo a series of isometric contractions at various muscle lengths. In both protocols, stress production, length change and suprabasal heat output were simultaneously measured. We found that RV trabeculae from PAH rats generated higher activation heat, but developed normal active stress. Their peak external work output was lower due to reduced extent and velocity of shortening. Despite lower peak work output, suprabasal enthalpy was unaffected, thereby rendering suprabasal efficiency lower. Crossbridge efficiency, however, was unaffected. In contrast, LV trabeculae from PAH rats maintained normal mechano-energetic performance. Pulmonary arterial hypertension reduces the suprabasal energy efficiency of hypertrophied right ventricular tissues as a consequence of the increased energy cost of Ca cycling.

Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) alters the geometries of both ventricles of the heart. While the right ventricle (RV) hypertrophies, the left ventricle (LV) atrophies. Multiple lines of clinical and experimental evidence lead us to hypothesize that the impaired stroke volume and systolic pressure of the LV are a direct consequence of the effect of pressure overload in the RV, and that atrophy in the LV plays only a minor role. In this study, we tested this hypothesis by examining the mechanoenergetic response of the atrophied LV to RV hypertrophy in rats treated with monocrotaline. Experiments were performed across multiple-scales: the whole-heart in vivo and ex vivo, and its trabeculae in vitro. Under the in vivo state where the RV was pressure-overloaded, we measured reduced systemic blood pressure and LV ventricular pressure. In contrast, under both ex vivo and in vitro conditions, where the effect of RV pressure overload was circumvented, we found that LV was capable of developing normal systolic pressure and stress. Nevertheless, LV atrophy played a minor role in that LV stroke volume remained lower, thereby contributing to lower LV mechanical work output. Concomitantly lower oxygen consumption and change of enthalpy were observed, and hence LV energy efficiency was unchanged. Our internally consistent findings between working-heart and trabecula experiments explain the rapid improvement of LV systolic function observed in patients with chronic pulmonary hypertension following surgical relief of RV pressure overload.

Key pointsr Dietary fish oil has been found to have protective effects against cardiovascular disease, particularly in its role as an anti-arrhythmic agent.r An additional mechanism proposed for the putative cardio-protective effect is enhanced efficiency of metabolic energy usage by the heart. r We tested whether dietary supplementation of fish oil enhances cardiac efficiency or otherwise improves mechano-energetic performance. Experiments were performed at two distinct physiological levels (whole organ and isolated tissues) employing two independent metabolic indices (oxygen consumption and heat production), respectively.r Feeding rats with either a fish oil-enriched or a saturated fatty acid-enriched diet did not alter the efficiency of either the isolated whole heart or its left ventricular trabeculae.Abstract Numerous epidemiological studies, supported by clinical and experimental findings, have suggested beneficial effects of dietary fish or fish oil supplementation on cardiovascular health. One such experimental study showed a profound (100%) increase in myocardial efficiency (i.e. the ratio of work output to metabolic energy input) of the isolated whole heart, achieved by a corresponding decrease in the rate of myocardial oxygen consumption. However, a number of other investigations have returned null results on the latter energetic index. Such conflicting findings have motivated us to undertake a re-examination. To that effect, we investigated the effects of dietary fatty acid supplementation on myocardial mechano-energetics, with our primary focus on cardiac efficiency. We used both isolated hearts and isolated left ventricular trabeculae of rats fed with one of three distinct diets: reference (REF), fish oil-supplemented (FO) or saturated fat-supplemented (SFA). For all three groups, and at both spatial levels, we supplied 10 mM glucose as the exogenous metabolic substrate. In the working heart experiments, we found no difference in the average mechanical efficiency among the three dietary groups: 14.8 ± 1.1% (REF), 13.9 ± 0.6% (FO) and 13.6 ± 0.7% (SFA). Likewise, we observed no difference in peak mechanical efficiency of left ventricular trabeculae among the REF, FO and SFA groups: 13.3 ± 1.4, 11.2 ± 2.2 and 12.5 ± 1.5%, respectively. We conclude that there is no effect of a period of pre-exposure to a diet supplemented with either fish oil or saturated fatty acids on the efficiency of the myocardium at either spatial level: tissue or whole heart.

It is generally recognized that increased consumption of polyunsaturated fatty acids, fish oil (FO) in particular, is beneficial to cardiac and cardiovascular health, whereas equivalent consumption of saturated fats is deleterious. In this study, we explore this divergence, adopting a limited purview: The effect of dietary fatty acids on the mechanoenergetics of the isolated heart per se. Mechanical indices of interest include left‐ventricular (LV) developed pressure, stroke work, cardiac output, coronary perfusion, and LV power. The principal energetic index is whole‐heart oxygen consumption, which we subdivide into its active and basal moieties. The primary mechanoenergetic index of interest is cardiac efficiency, the ratio of work performance to metabolic energy expenditure. Wistar rats were divided into three Diet groups and fed, ad libitum, reference (REF), fish oil‐supplemented (FO), or saturated fatty acid‐supplemented (SFA) food for 6 weeks. At the end of the dietary period, hearts were excised, mounted in a working‐heart rig, and their mechanoenergetic performance quantified over a range of preloads and afterloads. Analyses of Variance revealed no difference in any of the individual mechanoenergetic indices among the three Diet groups. In particular, we found no effect of prior dietary supplementation with either saturated or unsaturated fatty acids on the global efficiency of the heart.

Gastric ablation has demonstrated potential to induce conduction blocks and correct abnormal electrical activity (i.e., ectopic slow-wave propagation) in acute, intra-operative in-vivo studies. This study aimed to evaluate the safety and feasibility of gastric ablation to modulate slow-wave conduction after two-weeks of healing. Chronic in-vivo experiments were performed in weaner pigs (n=6). Animals were randomly divided into two groups: sham-ablation (n=3, control group; no power delivery, room-temperature, 5 s/point) and radio-frequency (RF) ablation (n=3; temperature-control mode, 65°C, 5 s/point). In the initial surgery, high-resolution serosal electrical mapping (16×16 electrodes; 6×6 cm) was performed to define the baseline slow-wave activation profile. Ablation (sham/RF) was then performed in the mid-corpus, in a line around the circumferential axis of the stomach, followed by acute post-ablation mapping. All animals recovered from the procedure, with no sign of perforation or other complication. Two weeks later, intra-operative high-resolution mapping was repeated. High-resolution mapping showed that ablation successfully induced sustained conduction blocks in all cases in the RF-ablation group at both the acute and two-week timepoints, whereas all sham-controls had no conduction block. Histological and immunohistochemical evaluation showed that after two weeks of healing, the lesions were in the inflammation and early proliferation phase, interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC) were depleted and/or deformed within the ablation lesions. This safety and feasibility study demonstrates that gastric ablation can safely and effectively induce a sustained localized conduction block in the stomach without disrupting surrounding slow wave conduction capability.

Gastric motility is coordinated by bioelectrical slow-wave activity, and abnormal electrical dysrhythmias have been associated with nausea and vomiting. Studies have often been conducted under general anaesthesia, while the impact of general anaesthesia on slow-wave activity has not been studied. Clinical studies have shown that propofol anaesthesia reduces postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) compared with isoflurane, while the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. In this study, we investigated the effects of two anaesthetic drugs, intravenous (IV) propofol and volatile isoflurane, on slow-wave activity. In vivo experiments were performed in female weaner pigs (n = 24). Zolazepam and tiletamine were used to induce general anaesthesia, which was maintained using either IV propofol (n = 12) or isoflurane (n = 12). High-resolution electrical mapping of slow-wave activity was performed. Slow-wave dysrhythmias occurred less often in the propofol group, both in the duration of the recorded period that was dysrhythmic (propofol 14 ± 26%, isoflurane 43 ± 39%, P = 0.043 (Mann–Whitney U test)), and in a case-by-case basis (propofol 3/12, isoflurane 8/12, P = 0.015 (Chi-squared test)). Slow-wave amplitude was similar, while velocity and frequency were higher in the propofol group than the isoflurane group (P < 0.001 (Student’s t-test)). This study presents a potential physiological biomarker linked to recent observations of reduced PONV with IV propofol. The results suggest that propofol is a more suitable anaesthetic for studying slow-wave patterns in vivo.

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Background Radio-frequency ablation of gastric tissue is in its infancy compared to its extensive history and use in the cardiac field. Aims We employed power-controlled, irrigated radio-frequency ablation to create lesions on the serosal surface of the stomach to examine the impact of ablation power, irrigation, temperature, and impedance on lesion formation and tissue damage. Methods A total of 160 lesions were created in vivo in female weaner pigs ( n = 5) using a combination of four power levels (10, 15, 20, 30 W) at two irrigation rates (2, 5 mL min −1 ) and with one temperature-controlled (65 °C) reference setting previously validated for electrophysiological intervention in the stomach. Results Power and irrigation rate combinations above 15 W resulted in lesions with significantly higher surface area and depth than the temperature-controlled setting. Irrigation resulted in significantly lower temperature ( p < 0.001) and impedance ( p < 0.001) compared to the temperature-controlled setting. No instances of perforation or tissue pop were recorded for any ablation sequence. Conclusion Power-controlled, irrigated radio-frequency ablation of gastric tissue is effective in creating larger and deeper lesions at reduced temperatures than previously investigated temperature-controlled radio-frequency ablation, highlighting a substantial improvement. These data define the biophysical impact of ablation parameters in gastric tissue, and they will guide future translation toward clinical application and in silico gastric ablation modeling. Graphical Abstract Combination of ablation settings (10–30 W power, 2–5 mL min -1 irrigation) were used to create serosal spot lesions. Histological analysis of lesions quantified localized tissue damage.