Covalent attachment of palmitic acid or other fatty acids to the thiol groups of cysteine residues of proteins through reversible thioester bonds has an important role in the regulation of diverse biological processes. We describe here the development of a mass spectrometry protocol based on stable isotope-coded fatty acid transmethylation (iFAT) for qualitative and comparative analysis of protein S-fatty acylation under different experimental conditions. In this approach, cellular proteins extracted from different cell states are separated by SDS-PAGE and then the gel is stained with either Coomassie blue or Nile red for improved sensitivity. Protein bands are excised and then an in-gel stable iFAT procedure is performed. The fatty acid methyl esters resulting from derivatization with d0- and d3-methanol are identified by mass spectrometry. By measuring the intensities of labeled and unlabeled fragment ion pairs of fatty acid methyl esters, the levels of S-fatty acylation in different cells or tissues can be compared. This approach has been applied to monitor the changes of S-fatty acylation of zebrafish liver proteome in response to environmental dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane exposure. Compared with the approach using metabolic incorporation of radioactive fatty acid analogs, it is not only simple and effective but also eliminates the hazards of handling radioactive isotopes.
Organochlorine pesticides have been extensively used worldwide for agricultural purposes. Due to their resistance to metabolism, a major public health concern has been raised. Aberrant hepatic lipid composition has been a hallmark of many liver diseases associated with exposure to various toxins and chemicals. And thus lots of efforts have been focused on the development of analytical techniques that can rapidly and quantitatively determine the changes in fatty acid composition of hepatic lipids. In this work, changes in fatty acid composition of hepatic lipids in response to DDT (dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane) exposure were quantitatively analyzed by a gas chromatography-mass spectrometric approach based on stable isotope-coded transmethylation. It has been quantitatively demonstrated that polyunsaturated fatty acids including C20:3n3, C20:4n6, and C22:6n3 decrease in response to DDT exposure. However, saturated long chain fatty acids including C16:0, C18:0, as well as monounsaturated long chain fatty acid C18:1n9 consistently increase in a DDT-concentration-dependent manner. In particular, much higher changes in the level of hepatic C16:0 and C18:0 for male fish were observed than that for female fish. These experimental results are in accordance with qualitative histopathological analysis that revealed liver morphological alterations. The stable isotope-coded mass spectrometric approach provides a reliable means for investigating hepatotoxicity associated with fatty acid synthesis, desaturation, mitochondrial beta-oxidation, and lipid mobilization. It should be useful in elucidation of hepatotoxic mechanisms and safety assessment of environmental toxins.
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