Hazard perception is crucial for identifying potential hazards on the road, and how quick drivers can respond to the hazard partially relies on their risk rating of the hazard after they detect it. Although many studies have attempted to reveal the relationship between drivers’ response latencies and their risk ratings, this relationship has not been extensively explored under different hazard types. The present study addresses this issue using a video-based hazard perception task. Forty novice drivers and 35 experienced drivers were recruited and 26 video clips containing either an overt hazard (continuous visibility) or a covert hazard (interrupted visibility) were shown to participants. Participants were asked to finish the hazard perception task first and then rated the risk level of the hazard when each video clip was replayed. Participants’ confidence in their answers for risk ratings was also determined. Results showed that experienced drivers responded to overt and covert hazards faster than did novice drivers. A negative and significant correlation was found between drivers’ risk ratings of covert hazards and their response latencies. Such a relationship was not found for overt hazards. More importantly, drivers rated the risk level of covert hazards higher than that of overt hazards, and higher risk ratings of covert hazards resulted in faster responses to these hazards. The findings of the present study indicate that hazard types not only influence drivers’ risk ratings and response latencies but also determine their relationships.
To reduce the torsional vibration of vehicle power transmission system (VPTS), a torsional vibration model with multiple degrees of freedom (MDOF) of VPTS was established. The scheme of equipping torsional vibration dampers (TVDs) on the driveshaft was employed by the calculation of the forced vibration and the free vibration of the VPTS. The energy method was used to optimize the parameters of single-stage, two-stage parallel and two-stage series TVDs based on the principle that balances the damping effect and lightweight design. On the basis of this, the parameters of the models incorporating TVD and elastic couplings were optimized. Results showed that the proposed method can ensure the damping effects of TVD and realize the lightweight design.
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