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Practical alternative procedures are described for the syntheses of octavinylsilsesquioxane 1, octaphenylsilesquioxane and octabenzylsilsesquioxane. The hydrolytic polycondensation of RSiX3 (R = CH2=CH-, C6H5- or C6H5CH2-; X = Cl, OCH3, or OC2H5) in the presence of solid acid or base Amberlite ion-exchange resin gave improved yields of the corresponding octameric oligosilsesquioxanes. Repetitive usage of the Amberlite resin as the hydrolysis reagent was tested during synthesis of 1. The results indicate that it could be used many times in the same solvent making the procedure a more economically viable technique.

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We are presenting our recent research results about the Ni-NiO nanoparticles on poly-(diallyldimethylammonium chloride)-modified graphene sheet (Ni-NiO/PDDA-G) nanocomposites prepared by the hydrothermal method at 90°C for 24 h. The Ni-NiO nanoparticles on PDDA-modified graphene sheets are measured by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), and selected area electron diffraction (SAED) pattern for exploring the structural evidence to apply in the electrochemical catalysts. The size of Ni-NiO nanoparticles is around 5 nm based on TEM observations. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) results show the Ni in the (012), (110), (110), (200), and (220) crystalline orientations, respectively. Moreover, the crystalline peaks of NiO are found in (111) and (220). The thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) result represents the loading content of the Ni metal which is about 34.82 wt%. The electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis/X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (ESCA/XPS) reveals the Ni0 to NiII ratio in metal phase. The electrochemical studies with Ni-NiO/PDDA-G in 0.5 M aqueous H2SO4 were studied for oxygen reduction reaction (ORR).

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