Urinary tract infections (UTI) are one of the most common and serious bacterial infections encountered by paediatricians and primary care physicians. Although the diagnosis and management of UTI appear simplistic, they remain among the most contentious issues in paediatrics. In part, UTI controversies stem from the absence of classic clinical symptoms, inappropriate urine specimen collection, modified urinary tract imaging recommendations, and diverse treatment and prevention strategies. Recently published guidelines and large clinical trials have attempted to clarify UTI diagnostic and management strategies. In this manuscript, we review the diagnosis and management of acute and recurrent UTI in the paediatric and adolescent populations.

Urinary tract infection is one of the most common bacterial infections encountered by pediatricians. Currently, the diagnosis and management of acute urinary tract infection and recurrent urinary tract infection in children remains controversial. Recently published guidelines and large clinical trials have attempted to clarify UTI diagnostic and management strategies. In this manuscript, we review the diagnosis and management of acute and recurrent urinary tract infection in the pediatric population.

Aims The objective of this study is to evaluate the number of diabetics that seek medical treatment in emergency departments or require hospitalization for infection management in the United States. This study also assesses the socioeconomic impact of inpatient infection management among diabetics. Methods We accessed the Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project’s Nationwide Emergency Department Sample database and the Nationwide Inpatient Sample database to perform a retrospective analysis on diabetics presenting to the emergency department or hospitalized for infection management from 2006-2011. Results Emergency Department Since 2006, nearly 10 million diabetics were annually evaluated in the emergency department. Infection was the primary reason for presentation in 10% of these visits. Among those visits, urinary tract infection was the most common infection, accounting for over 30% of emergency department encounters for infections. Other common infections included sepsis, skin and soft tissue infections, and pneumonia. Diabetics were more than twice as likely to be hospitalized for infection management than patients without diabetes. Hospitalization Since 2006, nearly 6 million diabetics were annually hospitalized. 8-12% of these patients were hospitalized for infection management. In 2011, the inpatient care provided to patients with DM and infection was responsible for over $48 billion dollars in aggregate hospital charges. Conclusions Diabetics commonly present to the emergency department and require hospitalization for infection management. The care provided to diabetics for infection management has a large economic impact on the United States healthcare system. More efforts are needed to develop cost-effective strategies for the prevention of infection in patients with diabetes.

Children and adolescents with type 1 and type 2 DM commonly present to the ED and require hospitalization for infection evaluation and management. Encounters with infection make up a large proportion of a growing economic burden on the United States' healthcare system. As the prevalence of DM grows, this burden can be expected to become even more significant. Cost-effective strategies for the prevention of infection in pediatric patients with DM are needed.

Objective This study aimed to report on Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine (NPM) fellows' views of self-preparedness upon starting postresidency training. Study Design We conducted a national survey of first-year NPM fellows in the United States. The validated survey had five major areas: professionalism, psychomotor ability, independence/graduated responsibility, clinical evaluation, and academia. Survey responses were analyzed using descriptive statistics, and the free-text answers were categorized. Results Of 228 potential first-year NPM fellows, 140 (61%) initially responded to the survey. Overall, the fellows perceived themselves positively in professionalism and independence/graduated responsibility domains. Marked variability was observed in perceived preparedness in psychomotor ability, with confidence in neonatal intubation and arterial line placement of 86 and 49%, respectively. Lack of confidence in performing neonatal intubation procedures correlates with lack of attempts. The majority (75%) of fellows reported being interested in academia, but less than half felt capable of writing an article. Conclusion First-year NPM fellows identified deficiencies in the domains of psychomotor ability and academia. Residency and fellowship programs should partner to address these deficiencies.

BackgroundAlthough the benefits of antipsychotic pharmacotherapy can be pronounced, many patients develop unwanted adverse effects including a variety of movement disorders. Compared with the traditional antipsychotics, the atypical antipsychotics have a decreased risk for associated movement disorders. Drug-induced movement disorders can occur, however, and the risk of adverse events can increase significantly when medications are abused.Case presentationWe describe the case of a 13-year-old male who presented to an emergency department with acute movement disorders after nasal insufflation of crushed quetiapine. The patient was admitted and successfully treated for neuroleptic toxicity with intravenous antihistamine pharmacotherapy. His primary care provider and psychiatrist were notified of the abuse, quetiapine was discontinued, and the patient was discharged and referred to a drug and alcohol awareness and abuse program.ConclusionsThe abuse of quetiapine has unfortunately become more common. This unique case report of acute movement disorders following nasal insufflation of quetiapine highlights the need for heightened vigilance when prescribing quetiapine and for increased awareness and education regarding medication-abuse.

Clinicians and patients continue to convey interest in personalized medicine. The objective of personalized medicine is to improve healthcare by tailoring disease prevention, diagnosis, and treatment strategies for individuals based on their unique clinical history and genetic composition. This article offers an overview of pharmacogenomics, discusses caveats specific to pharmacogenomics in pediatric populations, provides evidence-based recommendations for pediatric clinicians, and offers insight regarding the future role of pharmacogenomics testing in pediatric medicine. Reviews of the current literature and thoughtful discussions are presented regarding the pharmacogenomics of antidepressants, codeine and oncologic, asthma, and immunomodulatory pharmacotherapies.