Previous research has shown that bystanders in groups are less likely to intervene in emergencies than bystanders who are alone (a "numbers effect"). In the present research, in one field and three lab studies, this numbers effect was stronger and there was less help when an emergency could be heard only rather than both seen and heard.
Previous research has found a relationship between sleep paralysis (SP) and anxiety states and higher rates have been reported among certain ethnic groups. To advance the cross-cultural study of SP, we developed a brief assessment instrument (which can be self-administered), the Unusual Sleep Experiences Questionnaire (USEQ). In this article, we report on a pilot study with the USEQ in a sample of 208 college students. The instrument was easily understood by the participants, with one quarter reporting at least one lifetime episode of SP. As in previous studies, SP was associated with anxiety (in particular, panic attacks).
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