Purpose Although the world's food production is approximately 3.99 billion metric tons, one in nine people remain malnourished. In combination with the projected world population of nine billion by 2050, further malnourishment of both humans and animals may occur; therefore, understanding of the current status of food waste and reuse is important. Methods An extensive literature review was conducted to quantify food waste by weight and percentage at harvesting, processing/manufacturing, wholesale, retail, and consumer sectors of the food supply chain. The analysis of food waste was considered globally, within the United States, and within the state of California (USA). Results Large amounts of food waste (meat, vegetables, fruits, and breads) are produced daily. Results of the previous research suggest that food waste can be used successfully in diets of monogastric animals. Conclusions The poultry industry is growing globally and uses large amounts of corn and soy for poultry diets; therefore, research should be conducted to investigate the partial use of alternative feed ingredients to meet the growing demand for poultry production. We proposed that food waste, occurring in all sectors of the food supply chain, could become a partial substitute for corn and soy in broiler diets.

The average surface temperature is predicted to rise 0.5 to 6˚C by the year 2100. When Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica), a source of protein for many, are subjected to heat stress, their blood acid-base equilibrium and ability to regulate electrolytes may change. This disequilibrium may influence egg-shell quality, enzyme functions, and synthesis of tissue proteins. To determine effects of multi-generation heat stress on Japanese quail, the following treatments were applied (1) control (TN, non-sibling random mating at thermoneutral temperature [22.2˚C]); (2) thermoneutral siblings (22.2˚C, TNS); (3) heat stress (HS, non-sibling random mating at 31.1˚C); and (4) heat stressed siblings (HSS, siblings of TNS with high feed conversion ratios (FCR), 31.1˚C). Body weights (BW), blood gases, and electrolytes of quail were measured during the first 4 hours (acute) and after 3 weeks (chronic) of heat exposure (31.1˚C) in generation 10. ANOVA was used to determine statistical significance at P≤0.05. Models included treatments, length of exposure, sex, and their interactions. Results showed that acute and chronic heat stress did not have a clear effect on blood electrolytes, acid-base regulation, and oxygen transport. However, acute HSS males or females were significantly different than chronic TN males in BW, PCO2, PO2, sO2, and Na+. Chronic HS males and females did not have significantly different blood electrolytes, acid-base regulation, and oxygen transport than chronic HSS males and females. Thus, selection for low FCR in heat stress at 31.1˚C did not incur a fitness advantage when considering these parameters. Sexually mature males had significantly higher levels of hematocrit and hemoglobin compared to sexually immature quail and sexually mature females. Future studies using higher temperatures (32 to 34˚C) could inform producers when to expect significant physiological changes in quail, lending to adaptions of feeding regiments according to environmental temperature and age.

No abstract