An international team of investigators in 11 countries have worked collaboratively to develop a culturally and contextually relevant measure of youth resilience, the Child and Youth Resilience Measure (CYRM-28). The team used a mixed methods design that facilitated understanding of both common and unique aspects of resilience across cultures. Quantitative and qualitative stages to its development ensure the CYRM-28 has good content-related validity across research sites. Crossover comparison analyses of the findings from the quantitative administration of the pilot measure with 1,451 youth and qualitative interviews with 89 youth support the CYRM-28 as a culturally sensitive measure of youth resilience. The implications of this mixed methods approach to the development of measures for cross-cultural research are discussed.

Validation of sub-scales on the child and youth resilience measure-28 (CYRM-28)Liebenberg, L.; Ungar, M.; van de Vijver, F.J.R. General rights Copyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the public portal are retained by the authors and/or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights.-Users may download and print one copy of any publication from the public portal for the purpose of private study or research -You may not further distribute the material or use it for any profit-making activity or commercial gain -You may freely distribute the URL identifying the publication in the public portal Take down policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright, please contact us providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. Objectives: This article presents the validation of the 28-item Child and Youth Resilience Measure (CYRM-28) among two Canadian samples of youth with complex needs. Method: The CYRM-28 was administered to two groups of concurrent service using youth in Atlantic Canada (n 1 ¼ 497; n 2 ¼ 410) allowing for use of exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis. Results: Reproducibility agreement is achieved and subscales of the measure are confirmed and show adequate psychometric properties. Conclusions: Findings add support to the CYRM-28 as a reliable and valid self-report instrument that measures three components of resilience processes in the lives of complex needs youth. Advanced statistical modeling yielded evidence that the scale, originally developed for use in various countries, can be used to assess resilience in youth from various ethnocultural backgrounds in Atlantic Canada.

The dynamics of the virus, infection and immunity, not to mention ongoing efforts to revise and improve clinical care, and endeavors to develop medical treatments and vaccines, are a critical part of the unfolding story. So, too, are peoples' social responses to the disease and interactions with each other. COVID-19 is revealing, reinforcing, and catalyzing new social and cultural relations; laying bare inequalities and anxieties, discrimination and division; but also galvanizing solidarities and collective action.

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QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH C hildren and youth develop into mature adults depending on the extent of intrinsic assets such as perseverance, efficacy, self-esteem, and active avoidance of risk-taking behaviours, and extrinsic assets such as living in a nurturing environment with supportive parents, having a non-delinquent peer group and experiencing a healthy school climate. 1-3 When faced with adversity and risk, some youth will survive and even thrive while others will succumb to risky and possibly self-destructive behaviour. Those who thrive under adversity (e.g., poverty, maltreatment, loss of a parent) exhibit engagement in processes described as resilience. 4,5 Measurement of resilience can enable identification of modifiable factors that can be used to inform research and policy initiatives to help youth develop the capacity they require to cope with adversity during normative and non-normative developmental transitions. 6 The complexity of resilience as a construct, however, makes it challenging to measure. Resilience can be defined as an individual's capacity to navigate to health-enhancing resources that nurture individual, relational, and community assets, as well as the capacity of individuals to negotiate with others for these resources to be provided to them in culturally meaningful ways. 7 This socioecological definition implies that individual-, peer-, family-, schooland community-level resources protect and promote good outcomes by helping individuals engage in interactive processes within complex, multi-level environments that make it possible for them to avoid potential threats to their development. 8 Positive development, however, is contextual since a youth may thrive under one adverse circumstance but succumb under another. 9 As well, a youth's ability to cope over time may vary, 1,2,10 particularly during growth and development, and when processes associated with resilience interact with specific risk factors associated with culture, ethnoracial status, ability, gender, and socioeconomic status. 11 The 28-item Child and Health Youth Resilience Measure (CYRM) 12,13 was designed to measure youth resilience while accounting for diverse social contexts across numerous cultures. The CYRM-28 is a self-report instrument validated originally with a purposeful sample of 1,451 youth growing up facing diverse forms of adversity in 11 countries (