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Intensive use of engineered nanoparticles (NPs) in daily products ineluctably results in their release into aquatic systems and consequently into drinking water resources. Therefore, understanding NPs behavior in various waters from naturel to mineral waters is crucial for risk assessment evaluation and the efficient removal of NPs during the drinking water treatment process. In this study, the impact of relevant physicochemical parameters, such as pH, water hardness, and presence of natural organic matter (NOM) on the surface charge properties and aggregation abilities of both NPs and nanoplastic particles is investigated. TiO2, CeO2, and Polystyrene (PS) nanoplastics are selected, owing to their large number applications and contrasting characteristics at environmental pH. Experiments are performed in different water samples, including, ultrapure water, three bottled mineral waters, Lake Geneva, and drinking water produced from Lake Geneva. Our findings demonstrate that both water hardness and negatively charged natural organic matter concentrations, which were measured via dissolved organic carbon determination, are playing important roles. At environmental pH, when negatively charged nanoparticles are considered, specific cation adsorption is promoting aggregation so long as NOM concentration is limited. On the other hand, NOM adsorption is expected to be a key process in NPs destabilization when positively charged PS nanoplastics are considered.

Various hand hygiene techniques have been recommended by sanitarians. In the USA, the National Restaurant Association (NRA) ServSafe® program guidelines include a recommended hand washing regime. The ServSafe regime was compared to rinsing with warm and cool water and no washing/rinsing for bare hands and gloves after exposure to ground beef (approximately 106 cells/g) or liquid solution (approximately 106 cells/mL) contaminated with an ampicillin‐resistant Escherichia coli JM 109 strain. The efficacy of alcohol‐based hand sanitizers to replace hand washing was also evaluated. ServSafe, warm water rinse and cool water rinse reduced E. coli cells on hands by 98.0, 64.4 and 42.8% log10 cfu/mL, resulting in <1, 1.4, and 2,1 log10 cfu/mL E. coli on hands, respectively, from 3.6 log10 cfu/mL on unwashed hands. When vinyl food service gloves were worn during the hand washing treatments, gloves retained more bacteria than when only hands were rinsed or washed. From 2.9 to 3.4 log10 cfu/mL remained on hands when ethanol‐based sanitizers were used instead of hand washing. Of all hand washing treatments tested in these experiments, the US NRA recommended method was most effective (P < 0.05) in removing E. coli from hands and the levels remaining after this method were below the threshold of detection (<10 cfu/hand).

Este artículo analiza los actos devocionales alrededor de la enfermedad ocurridos en el Nuevo Reino de Granada, colonia americana del Imperio español, con sede en Santafé de Bogotá durante el siglo XVIII como resultado de un proceso material y espiritual apoyado en la retórica promovida por la Iglesia católica, en la que se empezó a manifestar la definición de los límites y clasificación de los milagros. Se identificaron las principales referencias descritas en las relaciones o diarios de viaje escritos por clérigos de diferentes órdenes que transitaron por las provincias con fines misionales. La metodología se orientó desde una mirada popular (como un hecho inesperado) y territorial de los milagros y se determinaron tres momentos relevantes: la apropiación de las milagrosas imágenes en los territorios, los actos de fe asociados a las cualidades atribuidas a los santos y el establecimiento del cuerpo como territorio privilegiado del milagro por medio de las disposiciones de la religiosidad para la asistencia de la enfermedad.Palabras clave: historia del milagro, prodigio, actos devocionales, Nuevo Reino de Granada, religiosidad popular, teología histórica. This article analizes the devotional acts surrounding the illnesses that occurred in the New Kingdom of Granada. This American colony belonging to the Spanish Empire was based in Santafé de Bogotá during the XVIII century. This resulted from a material and spiritual process supporting the rhetoric promoted by the Catholic Church which manifested the definition of the limits and the classification of miracles. They identified the main references described in the writings and travel diaries written by clerics of different orders who traveled through the provinces for missionary purposes. The methodology was oriented from a popular view, something unexpected and territorial view of the miracles. It determined three relevant moments: the appropriation of miraculous images in the territories, the faith acts associated to the qualities attributed to the saints and the establishment of the body as privileged territory of the miracle through dispositions of the religiosity for the assistance of the illness.Key Introducción 1Durante los siglos XVI al XVIII en el Nuevo Reino de Granada, colonia americana del Imperio español con sede en Santafé de Bogotá, se produjeron numerosos sucesos sobrenaturales inexplicables, catalogados como milagros, que fueron utilizados por la Iglesia católica como instrumentos para la propagación de la fe y que encontraron eco en los rituales de adoración existentes entre las poblaciones indígenas y negras. En algunos casos estos hechos fueron la base de conversiones de caciques o indios que presenciaron e hicieron parte de milagros o que ofrecieron promesas a los santos a cambio de mejoras en cuanto a su salud, condiciones naturales, entre otros asuntos que parecían imposibles 2 .Este artículo presenta un análisis de algunos actos devocionales y su relación con el discurso del milagro. La cultura espiritual se asume aquí como el conjunto de...

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