ResumenLas mejoras en el suministro de agua son oportunidades para solucionar problemas de Salud Pública. De ahí la importancia de establecer modelos de evaluación y gestión integral que garanticen su calidad. Actualmente hay múltiples metodologías para detectar la contaminación microbiana del agua. Sin embargo, los elevados costos que representan, los tiempos de análisis y aislamiento en cultivo de microorganismos, han sido obstáculo para establecer la calidad microbiana del agua para consumo humano. El uso de microorganismos bioindicadores de calidad del agua disminuye los costos y facilita la implementación de medidas eficientes de tratamiento, control del agua y de enfermedades asociadas a su transmisión. El objetivo de la revisión fue describir los principales indicadores microbiológicos empleados para la evaluación del agua potable, como elementos clave para proponer un nuevo esquema de monitoreo en Colombia. Los resultados permiten considerar como bioindicadores, además de las bacterias y protozoos establecidos en la norma, algunos agentes microbianos como virus u otras bacterias y parásitos. Por otro lado indican la necesidad de establecer valores de referencia y definir los microorganismos a emplear con base en evaluaciones específicas de la situación microbiana del agua en monitoreos de validación, operación y verificación. Esta revisión aporta información importante para la actualización de la norma colombiana con base en el conocimiento de estándares internacionales, nacionales y locales.----------Palabras clave: calidad del agua, agua potable, contaminación del agua, enfermedades relacionadas con el agua, indicadores de contaminación Revisión de tema
BackgroundThe molecular phylogenetic relationships and population structure of the species of the Anopheles triannulatus complex: Anopheles triannulatus s.s., Anopheles halophylus and the putative species Anopheles triannulatus C were investigated.MethodsThe mitochondrial COI gene, the nuclear white gene and rDNA ITS2 of samples that include the known geographic distribution of these taxa were analyzed. Phylogenetic analyses were performed using Bayesian inference, Maximum parsimony and Maximum likelihood approaches.ResultsEach data set analyzed septely yielded a different topology but none provided evidence for the seption of An. halophylus and An. triannulatus C, consistent with the hypothesis that the two are undergoing incipient speciation. The phylogenetic analyses of the white gene found three main clades, whereas the statistical parsimony network detected only a single metapopulation of Anopheles triannulatus s.l. Seven COI lineages were detected by phylogenetic and network analysis. In contrast, the network, but not the phylogenetic analyses, strongly supported three ITS2 groups. Combined data analyses provided the best resolution of the trees, with two major clades, Amazonian (clade I) and trans-Andean + Amazon Delta (clade II). Clade I consists of multiple subclades: An. halophylus + An. triannulatus C; trans-Andean Venezuela; central Amazonia + central Bolivia; Atlantic coastal lowland; and Amazon delta. Clade II includes three subclades: Panama; cis-Andean Colombia; and cis-Venezuela. The Amazon delta specimens are in both clades, likely indicating local sympatry. Spatial and molecular variance analyses detected nine groups, corroborating some of subclades obtained in the combined data analysis.ConclusionCombination of the three molecular markers provided the best resolution for differentiation within An. triannulatus s.s. and An. halophylus and C. The latest two species seem to be very closely related and the analyses performed were not conclusive regarding species differentiation. Further studies including new molecular markers would be desirable to solve this species status question. Besides, results of the study indicate a trans-Andean origin for An. triannulatus s.l. The potential implications for malaria epidemiology remain to be investigated.
Bacteria belonging to Anaplasma, Ehrlichia, Rickettsia and Coxiella genera are considered emerging pathogens and livestock is one of the contexts where the transmission of these microorganisms can occur. The goal of this study was to determine serological evidence for the exposure to these bacteria in cattle and humans with occupational exposure to livestock in the subregions North and Magdalena Medio, Antioquia, Colombia, and to explore related factors. A cross-sectional study was conducted in 48 livestock farms distributed in six municipalities from both subregions: Belmira, Entrerríos and San Pedro de los Milagros (North), and Puerto Berrío, Puerto Nare and Puerto Triunfo (Magdalena Medio). Blood samples from 332 people and 384 bovines were evaluated by serology (IgM and IgG) screening for bacteria from the Anaplasma, Ehrlichia, Rickettsia, and Coxiella genera. Seropositivity in humans from both regions was 42.4% (95%CI: 31.2-55.1) for Anaplasma, 74.2% (95%CI: 66.0-84.4) for Ehrlichia, 72.5% (95%CI: 62.1-82.0) for Rickettsia, and 60.7% (95%CI: 59.7-69.1) for Coxiella burnetii. In cattle, seropositivity was 31.6% (95%CI: 19.9-44.2), 66.8% (95%CI: 55.2-78.1), 64.6% (95%CI: 53.8-74.5), and 61.6% (95%CI: 51.9-69.2), respectively. History of biting by ticks, milking, vaccination, having dogs and hens in the residence, as well as the consumption of raw milk derivatives were some factors associated with the infection by the bacteria studied. The results suggest a previous and recent exposure to these zoonotic bacteria genera in people with occupational exposure to livestock, as well as in cattle in the two studied subregions.
Babesia sp. is a protozoan hemoparasite that affects livestock worldwide. The Colombian Middle Magdalena is an enzootic region for babesiosis, but there is no previous research providing detail on its transmission cycle. This study aims to assess some Babesia sp. infection indicators in cattle and ticks from the area, by using direct microscopic and molecular techniques to detect the infection. In the cattle, 59.9% and 3.4 % positivity values for B. bigemina and mixed infection (B. bovis + B. bigemina) were found respectively. In ticks, the positivity of B. bigemina reached 79.2% and 9.4% for the mixed infection. The degree of infestation in the region was 3.2 ticks per bovine. There was positive correlation between tick control acaricide frequencies and infestation in bovines. This leads us to infer that control periodicity greater than 90 days, in stable zones, is an abiotic factor that benefits the acquisition of protective immunity in calves, the natural control of the infection and eventual disease absence. It is necessary to monitor the disease by applying new entomological and parasitological indicators showing the complexity of this phenomenon.
Food security and the vulnerability among indigenous and peasant populations has become a topic of interest to public health all around the world, leading to the investigation about measurement, classification and factors that determine it. This systematic review aims to describe the situation of food security in indigenous and peasant communities, and the methods used for evaluation. The literature search was performed on the Pub Med (5), ScienceDirect (221) and Scopus (377) databases searching for publications between 2004 and 2015, a total of 603 items were located with the search engines. At the end of the screening process and after adding the items found in the gray literature, 25 papers were obtained to write the review. In the 11 years evaluated between 2004 and 2015, scientific activity around the theme was poor with just 4.54% of the publications on this subject, but for 2011 the percentage increased to 13 publications, 63%. Various factors that influence the development of food insecurity are climate change, the diversity of agriculture, globalization and market westernization.
introducción Los microorganismos del rumen son los responsables de la digestión del material vegetal que consumen los rumiantes. Las bacterias celulolíticas poseen la capacidad de degradar carbohidratos estructurales, por lo cual la abundancia y actividad enzimática de estas es esencial para la formulación de estrategias de manipulación de la fermentación ruminal. obJetivo Comparar los métodos de cuantificación de crecimiento bacteriano: número más probable, recuento de células viables en placa y Roll-tube para la enumeración de bacterias celulolíticas del rumen. Materiales y métodos Estudio experimental comparativo. Se evaluaron tres métodos de cuantificación de crecimiento bacteriano: número más probable, recuento de células viables en placa y Roll-tube, con respecto a la densidad y diversidad de bacterias celulolíticas ruminales en muestras de contenido ruminal recolectadas de dos hembras de raza Holstein canuladas al rumen. Resultados Se observó correlación positiva, de tipo alta con significancia estadística (0,826; p = 0,000) entre la cuantificación de células viables por el método de Roll-Tube y la cuantificación en placa, y una correlación negativa y de tipo moderada débil entre la cuantificación de células viables obtenidas por el método del número más probable con el método Roll-Tube (-0,514; p = 0,237), y negativa y de tipo débil entre la cuantificación con el método de número más probable y recuento en placa (-0,374; p = 0,147). Los resultados del coeficiente de determinación corroboran este dato. Con el número más probable se detectó baja diversidad, mientras que los métodos de recuento de células viables en placa y Roll-Tube mostraron consistencia respecto a densidad y diversidad de bacterias. Conclusiones Los resultados sugieren que la técnica de recuento de células viables en placa puede ser la más adecuada para cuantificar bacterias celulolíticas ruminales.
Background and Aim: Vector-borne diseases (VBDs) constitute a global problem for humans and animals. Knowledge related to the spatial distribution of various species of vectors and their relationship with the environment where they develop is essential to understand the current risk of VBDs and for planning surveillance and control strategies in the face of future threats. This study aimed to identify models, variables, and factors that may influence the emergence and resurgence of VBDs and how these factors can affect spatial local and global distribution patterns. Materials and Methods: A systematic review was designed based on identification, screening, selection, and inclusion described in the research protocols according to the preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses guide. A literature search was performed in PubMed, ScienceDirect, Scopus, and SciELO using the following search strategy: Article type: Original research, Language: English, Publishing period: 2010–2020, Search terms: Spatial analysis, spatial models, VBDs, climate, ecologic, life cycle, climate variability, vector-borne, vector, zoonoses, species distribution model, and niche model used in different combinations with "AND" and "OR." Results: The complexity of the interactions between climate, biotic/abiotic variables, and non-climate factors vary considerably depending on the type of disease and the particular location. VBDs are among the most studied types of illnesses related to climate and environmental aspects due to their high disease burden, extended presence in tropical and subtropical areas, and high susceptibility to climate and environment variations. Conclusion: It is difficult to generalize our knowledge of VBDs from a geospatial point of view, mainly because every case is inherently independent in variable selection, geographic coverage, and temporal extension. It can be inferred from predictions that as global temperatures increase, so will the potential trend toward extreme events. Consequently, it will become a public health priority to determine the role of climate and environmental variations in the incidence of infectious diseases. Our analysis of the information, as conducted in this work, extends the review beyond individual cases to generate a series of relevant observations applicable to different models.
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