The Pandemic situation caused due to SARS-CoV-2 causing Coronavirus Disease (CoVID-19) around globe. Recent, COVID-19 main protease complex (M pro), highly modulating enzyme in SARS-CoV-2 was reported for viral replication and transcription. This multifunctionality of M pro attracts for identi cation of potential drug target. Considering impact, In silico analysis was performed for Palmatine alkaloid against M pro. Naturally, present in Tinospora cordifolia, found effective against Cancer, HIV, viral infections, diabetics. In methods, physico-chemical analysis by ProtParam tool and Structure of M pro was predicted by SWISS-MODEL Workspace homology modeling server. Superimposition Structure and signi cant equal QMQE, QSQE values were found for eight highly similar templates. Structural assessment validation by Ramachandran plot (97.67% favoured), Local Quality estimate ratio (>0.6) and higher QMEAN score (y-axis). Further, docking was performed with validated M pro model by SwissDock server. Interaction with-8.281919 ΔG indicates reliable Interaction. Also, comparative docking reveals, most favoured Palmatine interaction. Thus, an attempt was made to nd potent inhibitor for SARS-CoV-2, as there is no promising and speci c anti-viral drug or vaccine available for prevention and treatment of infections. However, In Vitro studies are required. Toxicity studies reported against Palmatine for acute effect (135 mg/kg body weight) on mouse model LD 50.

In the Acknowledgements section of this Article, the grant number 'SQ2019FY010009' should have been '2019FY101500'; this has been corrected online.

bioRxiv preprint 2 Emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases, such as SARS, MERS, Zika and highly 25 pathogenic influenza present a major threat to public health 1-3 . Despite intense research 26 effort, how, when and where novel diseases appear are still the source of considerable 27 uncertainly. A severe respiratory disease was recently reported in the city of Wuhan, 28 Hubei province, China. At the time of writing, at least 62 suspected cases have been 29 reported since the first patient was hospitalized on December 12 nd 2019. Epidemiological 30 investigation by the local Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) suggested 31 that the outbreak was associated with a sea food market in Wuhan. We studied seven 32 patients who were workers at the market, and collected bronchoalveolar lavage fluid 33 (BALF) from one patient who exhibited a severe respiratory syndrome including fever, 34 dizziness and cough, and who was admitted to Wuhan Central Hospital on December 35 26 th 2019. Next generation metagenomic RNA sequencing 4 identified a novel RNA virus 36 from the family Coronaviridae designed WH-Human-1 coronavirus (WHCV). 37 Phylogenetic analysis of the complete viral genome (29,903 nucleotides) revealed that 38 WHCV was most closely related (89.1% nucleotide similarity similarity) to a group of 39 Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS)-like coronaviruses (genus Betacoronavirus, 40 subgenus Sarbecovirus) previously sampled from bats in China and that have a history 41 of genomic recombination. This outbreak highlights the ongoing capacity of viral spill-42 over from animals to cause severe disease in humans. 43 44 Seven patients, comprising five men and two women, were hospitalized at the Central 45 : bioRxiv preprint 3 patients was 43, ranging from 31 to 70 years old. The clinical characteristics of the patients 47 are shown in Table 1. Fever and cough were the most common symptoms. All patients had 48 fever with body temperatures ranging from 37.2 o C to 40 o C. Patients 1, 2, 5, 6 and 7 had 49 cough, while patients 1, 2 and 7 presented with severe cough with phlegm at onset of illness. 50 Patients 4 and 5 also complained of chest tightness and dyspnea. Patients 1, 3, 4 and 6 51 experienced dizziness and patient 3 felt weakness. No neurological symptoms were observed 52 in any of the patients. Bacterial culture revealed the presence of Streptococcus bacteria in 53 throat swabs from patients 3, 4 and 7. Combination antibiotic, antiviral and glucocorticoid 54 therapy were administered. Unfortunately, patient 1 and 4 showed respiratory failure: patient 55 1 was given high flow noninvasive ventilation, while patient 4 was provided with nasal/face 56 mask ventilation (Table 1). 57Epidemiological investigation by the Wuhan CDC revealed that all the suspected cases 58 were linked to individuals working in a local indoor seafood market. Notably, in addition to 59 fish and shell fish, a variety of live wild animals including hedgehogs, badgers, snakes, and 60 birds (turtledoves) were available for sale in th...

Although many severe acute respiratory syndrome-like coronaviruses (SARS-like CoVs) have been identified in bats inC oronaviruses (CoVs) in the subfamily Coronavirinae are important pathogens of mammalian and avian animals and currently compose four genera: Alphacoronavirus, Betacoronavirus, Gammacoronavirus, and Deltacoronavirus (1). Members of Alphacoronavirus and Betacoronavirus are found exclusively in mammals, e.g., human CoV 229E, NL63, and OC43, and cause human respiratory diseases (2). A CoV is also the causative agent of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), the first global human pandemic disease of the 21st century, which spread to 30 countries in five continents, resulting in Ͼ8,000 human cases with 774 deaths (3, 4). SARS CoV is a member of the Betacoronavirus genus and is largely distinct from previously known human CoVs OC43 and 229E (5-7). To identify the transmission source of SARS, largescale animal screening was implemented in May 2003, and several strains of SARS CoVs were isolated from nasal and/or fecal swabs of six masked palm civets (Paguma larvata) and one raccoon dog (Nyctereutes procyonoides) collected from a wet market in Shenzhen retailing wild animals for exotic foods (8). Their full genome sequences were 99.8% identical to that of human SARS CoV, and therefore civets were deemed to be an animal reservoir of this virus (8). Further serological studies over a larger area revealed that only civets in the market were SARS seropositive, while farmed civets were seronegative, indicating that civets likely became infected from an unknown source in wet markets, not in the farming environment (9). Moreover, a comprehensive analysis of cross-host

Human coronavirus (HCoV) is one of the most common causes of respiratory tract infection throughout the world. To investigate the epidemiological and genetic variation of HCoV in Guangzhou, south China, we collected totally 13048 throat and nasal swab specimens from adults and children with fever and acute upper respiratory infection symptoms in Gunazhou, south China between July 2010 and June 2015, and the epidemiological features of HCoV and its species were studied. Specimens were screened for HCoV by real-time RT-PCR, and 7 other common respiratory viruses were tested simultaneously by PCR or real-time PCR. HCoV was detected in 294 cases (2.25%) of the 13048 samples, with most of them inpatients (251 cases, 85.4% of HCoV positive cases) and young children not in nursery (53.06%, 156 out of 294 HCoV positive cases). Four HCoVs, as OC43, 229E, NL63 and HKU1 were detected prevalent during 2010–2015 in Guangzhou, and among the HCoV positive cases, 60.20% were OC43, 16.67% were 229E, 14.97% were NL63 and 7.82% were HKU1. The month distribution showed that totally HCoV was prevalent in winter, but differences existed in different species. The 5 year distribution of HCoV showed a peak-valley distribution trend, with the detection rate higher in 2011 and 2013 whereas lower in 2010, 2012 and 2014. The age distribution revealed that children (especially those <3 years old) and old people (>50 years) were both high risk groups to be infected by HCoV. Of the 294 HCoV positive patients, 34.69% (101 cases) were co-infected by other common respiratory viruses, and influenza virus was the most common co-infecting virus (30/101, 29.70%). Fifteen HCoV-OC43 positive samples of 2013–2014 were selected for S gene sequencing and phylogenetic analysis, and the results showed that the 15 strains could be divided into 2 clusters in the phylogenetic tree, 12 strains of which formed a separate cluster that was closer to genotype G found in Malaysia. It was revealed for the first time that genotype B and genotype G of HCoV-OC43 co-circulated and the newly defined genotype G was epidemic as a dominant genotype during 2013–2014 in Guanzhou, south China.

The average length of genes in a eukaryote is larger than in a prokaryote, implying that evolution of complexity is related to change of gene lengths. Here, we show that although the average lengths of genes in prokaryotes and eukaryotes are much different, the average lengths of genes are highly conserved within either of the two kingdoms. This suggests that natural selection has clearly set a strong limitation on gene elongation within the kingdom. Furthermore, the average gene size adds another distinct characteristic for the discrimination between the two kingdoms of organisms.

Children with stones now account for 1 in 685 pediatric hospitalizations in the United States. Surprisingly more than half of the patients are younger than 13 years at hospitalization. Similar to findings in adults, white race and occurrence in late summer months increase the risk of stone hospitalization. However, male gender and geographic location in the Southeast are not risk factors, demonstrating the unique aspects of pediatric stone hospitalization.

This work adds to our knowledge of the epidemiology characteristics of these seven common respiratory viruses among patients with RTI in southern China. The detection of the specific viral causes of infection provides a useful starting point for an understanding of illness attributable to respiratory infection, and might also provide data relevant to the development of prevention strategies.