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This work reports the first synthesis and characterization of a ferroelectric perovskite oxide-based heterostructure as well as its application for photoelectrochemical (PEC) bioanalytical purposes. Specifically, exemplified by [KNbO][BaNiNbO] (KBNNO), the ferroelectric perovskite oxides were prepared by solid-state synthesis, while the TiO nanorod (NR) arrays were obtained via a hydrothermal method. Using the technique of pulsed laser deposition (PLD), KBNNO were then deposited on TiO NRs to form KBNNO@TiO NR heterostructures. Various characterization techniques were applied to reveal compositional and structural information on the as-fabricated sample, and favorable alignment existed between the two components as displayed by the PEC test. In the detection of l-cysteine, the as-fabricated KBNNO@TiO NRs demonstrated good performance in terms of sensitivity and selectivity. This work revealed the potential of ferroelectric perovskite oxide and its heterostructures for innovative PEC bioanalytical applications, and we hope it will generate more interest in the development of various ferroelectrics-based heterostructures for advanced PEC bioanalysis.

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Cross-sectional view FESEM images of (a) TiO2 NRs, (b) PbS(4)/TiO2 NRs (the insets show the top-view of the corresponding cross-sectional view FESEM images). 3D schematic diagrams of (c) TiO2 NRs, (d) PbS(4)/TiO2 NRs.