Increased iron stores associated with elevated levels of the iron hormone hepcidin are a frequent feature of the metabolic syndrome. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of dietary iron supplementation on insulin resistance and the role of hepcidin in C57Bl/6 male mice fed a standard or iron-enriched diet for 16 weeks. Iron supplementation increased hepatic iron and serum hepcidin fivefold and led to a 40% increase in fasting glucose due to insulin resistance, as confirmed by the insulin tolerance test, and to threefold higher levels of triglycerides. Iron supplemented mice had lower visceral adipose tissue mass estimated by epididymal fat pad, associated with iron accumulation in adipocytes. Decreased insulin signaling, evaluated by the phospho-Akt/Akt ratio, was detected in the visceral adipose tissue of iron overloaded mice, and gene expression analysis of visceral adipose tissue showed that an iron-enriched diet up-regulated iron-responsive genes and adipokines, favoring insulin resistance, whereas lipoprotein lipase was down-regulated. This resulted in hyperresistinemia and increased visceral adipose tissue expression of suppressor of cytokine signaling-3 (Socs3), a target of resistin and hepcidin implicated in insulin resistance. Acute hepcidin administration down-regulated lipoprotein lipase and up-regulated Socs3 in visceral adipose tissue. In conclusion, we characterized a model of dysmetabolic iron overload syndrome in which an iron-enriched diet induces insulin resistance and hypertriglyceridemia and affects visceral adipose tissue metabolism by a mechanism involving hepcidin up-regulation.

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BackgroundReduced adiponectin is implicated in the pathogenesis of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and steatohepatitis (NASH), and the I148M Patatin-like phospholipase domain-containing 3 (PNPLA3) polymorphism predisposes to NAFLD and liver damage progression in NASH and chronic hepatitis C (CHC) by still undefined mechanisms, possibly involving regulation of adipose tissue function. Aim of this study was to evaluate whether the I148M PNPLA3 polymorphism influences serum adiponectin in liver diseases and healthy controls.MethodsTo this end, we considered 144 consecutive Italian patients with NAFLD, 261 with CHC, 35 severely obese subjects, and 257 healthy controls with very low probability of steatosis, all with complete clinical and genetic characterization, including adiponectin (ADIPOQ) genotype. PNPLA3 rs738409 (I148M) and ADIPOQ genotypes were evaluated by Taqman assays, serum adiponectin by ELISA. Adiponectin mRNA levels were evaluated by quantitative real-time PCR in the visceral adipose tissue (VAT) of 35 obese subjects undergoing bariatric surgery.ResultsAdiponectin levels were independently associated with the risk of NAFLD and with the histological severity of the disease. Adiponectin levels decreased with the number of 148 M PNPLA3 alleles at risk of NASH both in patients with NAFLD (p = 0.03), and in healthy subjects (p = 0.04). At multivariate analysis, PNPLA3 148 M alleles were associated with low adiponectin levels (<6 mg/ml, median value) independently of NAFLD diagnosis, age, gender, BMI, and ADIPOQ genotype (OR 1.67, 95% c.i. 1.07-2.1 for each 148 M allele). The p.148 M PNPLA3 variant was associated with decreased adiponectin mRNA levels in the VAT of obese patients (p < 0.05) even in the absence of NASH. In contrast, in CHC, characterized by adiponectin resistance, low adiponectin was associated with male gender and steatosis, but not with PNPLA3 and ADIPOQ genotypes and viral features.ConclusionsThe I148M PNPLA3 variant is associated with adiponectin levels in patients with NAFLD and in healthy subjects, but in the presence of adiponectin resistance not in CHC patients. The I148M PNPLA3 genotype may represent a genetic determinant of serum adiponectin levels. Modulation of serum adiponectin might be involved in mediating the susceptibility to steatosis, NASH, and hepatocellular carcinoma in carriers of the 148 M PNPLA3 variant without CHC, with potential therapeutic implications.

Our objective was to determine the expression of the elements of the Lin28/Let-7 system, and related microRNAs (miRNAs), in early stages of human placentation and ectopic pregnancy, as a means to assess the potential role of this molecular hub in the pathogenesis of ectopic gestation. Seventeen patients suffering from tubal ectopic pregnancy (cases) and forty-three women with normal on-going gestation that desired voluntary termination of pregnancy (VTOP; controls) were recruited for the study. Embryonic tissues were subjected to RNA extraction and quantitative PCR analyses for LIN28B, Let-7a, miR-132, miR-145 and mir-323-3p were performed. Our results demonstrate that the expression of LIN28B mRNA was barely detectable in embryonic tissue from early stages of gestation and sharply increased thereafter to plateau between gestational weeks 7–9. In contrast, expression levels of Let-7, mir-132 and mir-145 were high in embryonic tissue from early gestations (≤6-weeks) and abruptly declined thereafter, especially for Let-7. Opposite trends were detected for mir-323-3p. Embryonic expression of LIN28B mRNA was higher in early stages (≤6-weeks) of ectopic pregnancy than in normal gestation. In contrast, Let-7a expression was significantly lower in early ectopic pregnancies, while miR-132 and miR-145 levels were not altered. Expression of mir-323-3p was also suppressed in ectopic embryonic tissue. We are the first to document reciprocal changes in the expression profiles of the gene encoding the RNA-binding protein, LIN28B, and the related miRNAs, Let-7a, mir-132 and mir-145, in early stages of human placentation. This finding suggests the potential involvement of LIN28B/Let-7 (de)regulated pathways in the pathophysiology of ectopic pregnancy in humans.

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The pharmacological effects (i.e., inhibition of endocrine secretion and cell proliferation) mediated by the hormone somatostatin (SRIF) are derived from its universal high-affinity binding to five different G proteincoupled receptors (GPCRs), named sst1-5. However, SRIF has a half-life of less than 3 min, whereas the available mono- and bi-specific SRIF preferential analogs show prolonged half-life and increased potency. These compounds may control tumor development, cell proliferation and metastatization by direct actions, including cell division arrest in G0/G1 phase (i.e., induction of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p27(kip1) or p21(Cip1)), induction of apoptosis (i.e., induction of p53 and Bax) and suppression of cell invasion. Along with these direct actions on the biology of cancer progression, in vivo SRIF analogs may also regulate tumor growth through indirect actions, by suppressing the secretion of growth-promoting hormones and growth factors and angiogenesis. Interestingly, when ssts are co-expressed, they may interact forming homo- or heterodimers, also with other GPCRs such as type 2 dopamine receptor and the μ-opioid receptor 1, altering their original pharmacological and functional properties. Dimers can be not only constitutive, but perhaps also ligandpromoted: hence, compounds with high affinity for different ssts isoforms may be used to achieve effects elicited by specific dimers. Future developments in the knowledge of ssts dynamics upon SRIF and SRIF analogs binding in neoplastic tissues may allow the full elucidation of the pathophysiological role of this system and the exploitation of the therapeutic potential of its modulation.

Liver fat accumulation and the I148M variant of PNPLA3 are associated with serum Fetuin-A levels independently of insulin resistance. Fetuin-A may be implicated in the pathogenesis of metabolic complications associated with NAFLD.

Background: Ectopic pregnancy (EP) is a life-threatening condition, for which novel screening tools enabling early accurate diagnosis would improve clinical outcomes. Kisspeptins, encoded by KISS1, play an essential role in human reproduction, at least partially by regulating placental function and possibly embryo implantation. Kisspeptin levels are massively elevated in normal pregnancy and reportedly altered in various gestational pathologies. Yet, the pathophysiological role of KISS1/kisspeptin in EP has not been investigated previously. Methods: Measurements of plasma kisspeptins and KISS1 expression analyses in human embryonic/placental tissue were conducted in EP and their controls (women undergoing voluntary termination of pregnancy, VTOP) during early gestational window (<12-wks). Putative miRNA regulators of KISS1 were predicted in silico, followed by expression analyses of selected miRNAs and validation of repressive interactions in vitro. Circulating levels of these miRNAs were also assayed in EP vs. VTOP. Results: Circulating kisspeptins gradually increased during the first trimester of normal pregnancy, but were massively reduced in EP. This profile correlated with expression levels of KISS1 in human embryonic/placental tissue, which increased in VTOP but remained suppressed in EP. Bioinformatic predictions and expression analyses identified miR-27b-3p and miR-324-3p as putative repressors of KISS1 in human embryonic/placental tissue at <12-wks gestation, when expression of both miRNAs was low in VTOP controls, but significantly increased in EP. Yet, a significant repressive interaction was documented only for miR-324-3p, occurring at the predicted 3'-UTR of KISS1. Interestingly, circulating levels of miR-324-3p, but not of miR-27b-3p, were dramatically suppressed in EP, despite elevated tissue expression of the pre-miRNA, suggesting defective export in EP. A decision-tree model using kisspeptin and miR-324-3p levels was successful in discriminating EP vs. VTOP, with a receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) AUC of 0.95 ± 0.02 (95% CI). Conclusions: Our results document a massive down-regulation of KISS1/kisspeptins in early stages of EP, likely via a repressive interaction with miR-324-3p. Our data identify circulating kisspeptins and miR-324-3p as novel biomarkers for accurate for screening of EP at early gestational ages.