SUMMARYFertilization and/or the accumulation of organic matter from plant residues can influence the composition of soil and litter community. The goal of this study was to evaluate the effects of P and K fertilization on total faunal and nematode faunal composition and richness in plant litter and soil for 360 days in an area reforested with Acacia auriculiformis (A. Cunn), located in the municipality of Conceição de Macabu in the State of Rio de Janeiro. For each treatment (fertilized and unfertilized plots), samples of litter and soil (to a depth of 5 cm) were collected and transferred into a Berlese-Tüllgren funnels for the extraction of fauna. Mesofauna and macrofauna were quantified, and the major taxa identified. Nematodes were extracted by centrifugal flotation in sucrose solution and identified according to feeding habits. Density (number of individuals m -2 ) of total fauna, microphages, social insects and saprophages varied significantly per treatment and sampling time in both litter and soil. The total number of individuals collected was 5,127, and the total number of nematodes 894. Phosphorus and potassium fertilization resulted in an increase in total fauna density and richness in the litter due to an increased abundance of social insects, saprophages and herbivores. In the soil, fertilization increased the saprophage and predator densities. Saprophages were the predominant taxa in the litter, while social insects (Formicidae) prevailed in the soil. Litter nematode populations were favored by mineral fertilization. Bacteriophages were the predominant nematode group in both litter and soil.Index terms: soil invertebrates, nematode, forest plantations, litter.( A adubação ou o acúmulo de matéria orgânica via resíduos vegetais pode influenciar a composição da comunidade da fauna do solo e da serapilheira. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar os efeitos da adubação mineral com P e K sobre a composição e a riqueza da fauna e da nematofauna da serapilheira e do solo em uma área reflorestada com Acacia auriculiformis (A. Cunn), em um período de 360 dias, no município de Conceição de Macabu, RJ. Em cada tratamento (parcela adubada e não adubada), coletaram-se amostras de serapilheira e de solo (até a profundidade de 5 cm), que foram transferidas para funis de Berlese-Tüllgren para a extração da fauna. Meso e macrofauna foram quantificadas e identificadas em nível de grandes grupos taxonômicos. Os nematoides foram extraídos pelo método de flutuação centrífuga em solução de sacarose e identificados de acordo com seus hábitos alimentares. A densidade (número de indivíduos m -2 ) da fauna total e a de micrófagos, insetos sociais e saprófagos variaram significativamente entre tratamentos e época de coleta, na serapilheira e no solo. O total de indivíduos da fauna foi de 5.127 e de nematoides, 894. Na serapilheira, a adubação com P e K contribuiu para o aumento da densidade e riqueza da fauna total, especificamente de insetos sociais, saprófagos e herbívoros. Já no solo, a adubação promoveu o aumento da densida...
V. surinamensis (Rol.) (Myristicaceae) é uma árvore com forma piramidal, com 25 a 35m de altura, que possui tronco cilíndrico, folhas simples e pequenas flores amarelas. É nativa das florestas alagádicas da região amazônica. O óleo extraído das sementes é rico em trimististina e pode ser usado na fabricação de velas, sabonetes, cosméticos e perfumes. Além do uso em cosméticos e perfumaria, a planta também possui propriedades terapêuticas e farmacológicas. Entre as propriedades farmacológicas estão as atividades antimicrobiana, larvicida, antitumoral, antinociceptiva e anti-inflamatória, antioxidante, leishmanicida, antimalárica, cercaricida, tripanocida, gastroprotetora e antiulcerogênica. Os metabólitos encontrados, relacionados às atividades mencionadas, foram compostos fenólicos, compostos lignanos e neolignanos e α e β-pineno no extrato hidrofílico, e sementes de ucuúba para atividade antimicrobiana. Nas folhas de V. surinamensis foram encontradas lignina grandsina para atividade larvicida. Para atividade antitumoral foi encontrada a lignana tetraidrofurnica grandisina em folhas de V. surinamensis. O composto grandsina foi relacionado à propriedade antinociceptiva e anti-inflamatória. Já os compostos α tocoferol e β caroteno isolados do extrato metanólico dos rizomas foram relacionados à atividade antioxidante. Compostos como neolignanos, surinamensina, virolina, mistura de hidrocarbonetos em cadeia, glicéridos, ésteres, esteróides e arilpropanóides encontrados no extrato hexânico demonstraram atividade antileishmanicida. O sesquiterpeno nerolidol isolado do óleo essencial de V. surinamensis estava diretamente relacionado à propriedade antimalárica. Os compostos neolignanas virolina sirinamensina isolados das folhas de V. surinamensis estavam relacionados à atividade cercaricida. Para a atividade tripanocida, os compostos veraguensina e grandisina lignanas também isolados das folhas da planta demonstraram tal atividade. Compostos como flavonóides e epicatequina isolados do extrato etanólico de V. surinamensis demonstraram atividade gastroprotetora. Já a epicatequina proveniente da resina de V. surinamensis apontou atividade antiulcerogênica. O presente trabalho revisou as propriedades médicas, terapêuticas e farmacológicas de Virola surinamensis.
HIGHLIGHTS• Arthrobotrys musiformis AM4 and Arthrobotrys sp. CO7 were the most aggressive tropical fungi tested againstHeterorhabditis indica LPP30.• Water agar medium provided the best conditions to test nematode-fungus interaction with lowest environmental impact among the six media tested.• H. indica LPP30 was more apprehended than S. carpocapsae All by both tropical fungi tested.• In a soil environment, there was a repellent action from Arthrobotrys sp. CO7 against S. carpocapsae All.ABSTRACT: This study settles a step toward to understanding the interaction between nematophagous fungi (NFs) generally found in the soil and entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) used in the control of agricultural pests. There are very few studies linking EPNs and their natural enemies around the world and none in Brazil. Therefore, we decided to test differences regarding aggressiveness and susceptibility among the fungi and EPNs found and used in this country. The aim of this work was to study the interactions between the tropical native NFs, Arthrobotrys oligospora AM2, Arthrobotrys musiformis AM4, Arthrobotrys sp. CO7, Arthrobotrys sp. CC7 and the EPNs, Heterorhabditis indica LPP30 (Heterorhabditidae), a native nematode, and Steinernema carpocapsae All (Steinernematidae), a exotic nematode, under laboratory conditions. The interaction was studied in four aspects: 1) NF aggressiveness against EPNs; 2) effect of culture medium on NF aggressiveness to infective juveniles (IJs); 3) EPN susceptibility to NFs; and 4) dispersion of IJs in two types of soil in the presence of NFs. The fungi A. musiformis AM4 and Arthrobotrys sp. CO7 were considered the most aggressive among the tested strains, since they trapped more IJs. Water agar medium provided the best conditions to test nematode-fungus interaction among the six media tested, since the fungi tested produced more trapping structures to apprehend IJs on it. Both fungi were considered very aggressive to EPNs due to their apprehension capacity. Regarding susceptibility, H. indica LPP30 IJs were more susceptible than IJs of S. carpocapsae ALL to both A. musiformis AM4 and Arthrobotrys sp. CO7 in the first 24 h of contact. However, after 48 h, the means of IJs captured by the fungi became statistically equal, except for S. carpocapsae All in Assay 2, which presented the highest mean capture rate. The fungus Arthrobotrys sp. CO7 repelled S. carpocapsae All IJs in sand at 15 cm. The more we learn about biotic factors that interfere in biocontrol, the more effective we can make it. Future studies will focus on the characterization of these interactions in the field under tropical conditions.
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