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The evolution of the microphysical structures of a subtropical squall line observed during the Observation, Prediction and Analysis of Severe Convection of China (OPACC) field campaign in Eastern China is documented in this paper. The data collected from a C‐band, polarimetric Doppler radar (reflectivity Z, differential reflectivity ZDR, and specific differential phase KDP) and a disdrometer are used to investigate the variations of microphysical characteristics within the convective region during the formative, intensifying, and mature stages of the squall line. The microphysical characteristics of the squall line are noticeably different among these three stages. When the squall line develops from the formative stage to the mature stage, its radar‐derived drop size distribution (DSD) in the convective region evolves from continental‐like convection to more maritime‐like convection. Contrary to previous studies, the DSD characteristics of a convective line may not be simply locked to a geographical location but varied extensively throughout its life cycle. The polarimetric radar‐derived liquid water content below the freezing level in the convective region is 3 times higher than the ice water content above the freezing level. This, in conjunction with a low cloud base (~0.68 km) and a high freezing level (~5 km), indicates a deep warm cloud layer and the dominance of the warm rain process within this squall line.

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Abstract. The particle mixing state plays a significant yet poorly quantified role in aerosol radiative forcing, especially for the mixing of dust (mineral absorbing) and anthropogenic pollution (black carbon absorbing) over East Asia. We have investigated the absorption enhancement of mixed-type aerosols over East Asia by using the Aerosol Robotic Network observations and radiative transfer model calculations. The mixed-type aerosols exhibit significantly enhanced absorbing ability than the corresponding unmixed dust and anthropogenic aerosols, as revealed in the spectral behavior of absorbing aerosol optical depth, single scattering albedo, and imaginary refractive index. The aerosol radiative efficiencies for the dust, mixed-type, and anthropogenic aerosols are −101.0, −112.9, and −98.3 Wm −2 τ −1 at the bottom of the atmosphere (BOA); −42.3, −22.5, and −39.8 Wm −2 τ −1 at the top of the atmosphere (TOA); and 58.7, 90.3, and 58.5 Wm −2 τ −1 in the atmosphere (ATM), respectively. The BOA cooling and ATM heating efficiencies of the mixed-type aerosols are significantly higher than those of the unmixed aerosol types over the East Asia region, resulting in atmospheric stabilization. In addition, the mixed-type aerosols correspond to a lower TOA cooling efficiency, indicating that the cooling effect by the corresponding individual aerosol components is partially counteracted. We conclude that the interaction between dust and anthropogenic pollution not only represents a viable aerosol formation pathway but also results in unfavorable dispersion conditions, both exacerbating the regional air pollution in East Asia. Our results highlight the necessity to accurately account for the mixing state of aerosols in atmospheric models over East Asia in order to better understand the formation mechanism for regional air pollution and to assess its impacts on human health, weather, and climate.

Paramyosin (PM) is an important structural protein in molluscan muscles. However, as an important allergen, there is a little information on PM in the molluscs. In this study, a 99 kDa molecular weight allergen protein was purified from Rapana venosa and confirmed as PM by mass spectrometry. The results of immunoglobulin E (IgE)-binding activity and physicochemical characterization showed that R. venosa PM could react with a specific IgE of the sera from sea snail-allergic patients, and the IgE-binding activity could be reduced by thermal treatment. The full-length cDNA of R. venosa PM was cloned, which encodes 859 amino acid residues, and it has a higher homology among molluscan species. According to the circular dichroism results, Fourier transform infrared, and 2D and 3D structure analysis, both PM and tropomyosin are conserved proteins, which are mainly composed of the α-helix structure. These results are significant for better understanding the anaphylactic reactions in sea snail-allergic patients and allergy diagnosis.

This study investigated the toxicity of CuO nanoparticles (NPs) to Nicotiana tabacum L. cv. Bright Yellow-2 (BY-2) cells.

Three algae strains-Chlamydomonas reinhardtii hemHc-lbac (transgenic), cc124 and cc503-were co-cultured with Bradyrhizobium japonicum to improve H 2 production. The maximum H 2 productions of the three different co-cultures were 3.5-fold, 17-fold and 4.4-fold of the pure algal cultures. Meanwhile, the biomass of each of the algae strains was increased by B. japonicum. Furthermore, the respiratory rates of the co-cultures were 1.4-fold, 1.2-fold and 2.6-fold higher than the controls, respectively; the in vitro maximum hydrogenase activities of the co-cultures were 1.1-fold higher, equal to 2.4-fold higher than those of the controls, respectively, and the in vivo maximum hydrogenase activities of the co-cultures were 1.5-fold, 3.8-fold and 2.1-fold higher than the controls, respectively. The maximum starch content of the co-cultures were 8.3-fold, 8.4-fold and 4.4-fold higher than the content of the controls, respectively. Therefore, B. japonicum improved the H 2 production of the co-cultures by increasing the biomass, respiratory rates, hydrogen activity and starch content of the co-cultures relative to those of pure algae cultures.