Background: Forest musk deer (FMD) is a valuable species distributed throughout southwest China, but there is a lack of comprehensive and reliable information on its growth and development. Methods: We sequenced the hair follicle transcriptome of FMD from 13 individuals by RNA-seq. Vital biological processes or pathways of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in FMD were examined by GO and KEGG enrichment analyses and constructed a network of DEGs protein-protein interactions based on the STRING protein interaction database. Results: The assembly yielded 71167 transcripts with a maximum length of 101907 bp and N50 value of 4942 bp. A total of 219 differentially expressed genes were identified in the study, of which 10 up-regulated and 209 down-regulated genes were at the anagen stage of hair follicles compared to their catagen stage. We identified ESR1, CAV1, FSTL1, TLR2, REM1, and FGFR1 as the hub genes. The result of the KEGG pathway enrichment analysis showed that 31 KEGG pathways were significantly enriched in these two hair follicle groups. Including glycosaminoglycan binding proteins, endocrine system, cellular community-eukaryotes, etc. Conclusion: An analysis of both GO and KEGG enrichment revealed that up-regulated genes were mostly associated with cell development and regulated signaling pathway. On the other hand, down-regulated genes were closely associated with diseases and the immune system. In conclusion, our findings provide insight into the mechanism of molecular regulation in hair follicle growth and will lay the groundwork for future studies on diseases caused by captive FMD.
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