Een informeel communicatiekanaal tussen Lamoraal van Egmont en Willem van Oranje en de Spaanse centrale besluitvorming in de jaren 1559-1564 Informal communication with the 'Paper King'. The difficult access of Lamoral of Egmont and William of Orange to the Spanish central decision-making in the years 1559-1564 In 1559, only a few years before the Dutch Revolt broke out, the Lord of the Netherlands, King Philip II of Spain, left the Low Countries to settle in Castile. The noble elite in Brussels had to find ways to overcome the challenges of distance to maintain contacts with him. In this article, I will address their efforts to create and use informal and safe channels, provided by Spanish officials stationed in the Low Countries, through which the nobles managed to vie for patronage and play out court intrigue at the heart of the monarchy. In zijn oratie uit 1975 definieerde Helmut Koenigsberger voor het eerst het concept van een 'samengestelde staat' of 'samengestelde monarchie'. Koenigsberger gebruikte dit concept om te benadrukken dat vroegmoderne heersers, die soeverein vorst van verschillende vorstendommen waren of werden, zich vaak geconfronteerd zagen met totaal verschillende vertegenwoordigende organen of parlementen, met heel particuliere voorgeschiedenissen en ontwikkelingen, die elk op hun eigen voorwaarden tegemoet getreden moesten worden. 1 In 1992 wijdde vervolgens ook John Elliott een belangwekkend artikel aan de 'samengestelde monarchieën' in de Europese geschiedenis. 2 Hij maakte nog een verder onderscheid in Koenigsbergers omschrijving tussen 'geïntegreerde verenigingen' (accessory unions) en 'verenigingen op voet van gelijkheid' (aeque principaliter).
The Bahrāmī Safavids, a relatively unknown collateral branch of the Safavid dynasty, active in Iran from 1517 to 1593, played a crucial role in dynastic developments in Safavid Iran. This essay examines the dynastic developments of the Safavid rulers and their contemporaries to argue that they embarked on a process of dynastic centralization, presenting themselves increasingly as the only holder of dynastic power, at the expense of their male relatives. The persistence of the Bahrāmī branch illuminates how this process took shape in Iran and how dynastic developments among neighbouring Central Asian dynasties influenced the fate of the Safavid collaterals.
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