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The invasion of generalist Africanized honey bees may change certain plant-pollinator interactions. We evaluated the preemption by honey bees and the exploitative competition with native bees on a tree with nocturnally dehiscent small flowers. Our main objectives were to quantify pollen production and harvesting, to verify whether honey bees exploitatively compete with native bees and to identify the effective pollinators of Spondias mombin. The nocturnally dehiscent flowers were pollen depleted by honey bees and attracted various nocturnal and diurnal bee species. A threefold increase in native bee abundance was produced by delaying pollen availability and by preventing the preemption of pollen by honey bees. The results suggest that honey bees reduce the foraging benefit of late-arriving native bees. Honey bees and Scaptotrigona aff. tubiba were regarded as the main effective pollinators of S. mombin due to their abundance, behavior, and ability to visit a large number of flowers.

Contextualização do Relatório Temático sobre polinização, polinizadores e produção de alimentos no Brasil no escopo da Plataforma Brasileira de Biodiversidade e Serviços Ecossistêmicos (BPBES) 1.1. Marco conceitual da Plataforma Brasileira de Biodiversidade e Serviços Ecossistêmicos (BPBES) 1.2. Arcabouço geral sobre polinização, polinizadores e produção de alimentos 1.3. Polinização como serviço ecossistêmico 1.4. Público-alvo 1.5. Objetivos 1.6. Metodologia da revisão sistemática da literatura 2. O status e as tendências em polinização e produção de alimentos no Brasil 2.1. Conhecimento sobre polinização e polinizadores de plantas relacionadas à produção de alimentos 2.2. Principais grupos de polinizadores e sistemas de polinização 2.3. Dependência e valoração do serviço ecossistêmico de polinização 2.4. Déficit na polinização e ganhos com manejo de polinizadores: custos sociais, econômicos e ambientais da polinização suplementar 3. Diversidade biocultural e valores socioculturais dos polinizadores 3.1. Usos culturais e conhecimentos tradicionais sobre polinizadores 3.2. Manejo de polinizadores com ênfase na produção de mel e valores bioculturais associados 4. Fatores que afetam os polinizadores, a polinização e a produção de alimentos 4.1. Requerimentos ambientais de polinizadores 4.1.1. Recursos alimentares 4.1.2. Outros requerimentos ambientais 4.2. Ameaças aos polinizadores, à polinização e à produção de alimentos 4.2.1. Ameaças ambientais 4.2.2. Ameaças biológicas 4.3. Impacto de mudanças ambientais na diversidade e funcionalidade de polinizadores 4.3.1. Alterações no uso da terra 4.3.2. Mudanças climáticas 4.3.3. Espécies exóticas 5. Respostas aos riscos, governança e oportunidades associados aos polinizadores, à polinização e à produção de alimentos 6. Referências bibliográficas Anexo I. Revisão sistemática da literatura sobre polinização, polinizadores e produção de alimentos no Brasil Anexo II. Referências bibliográficas resultantes da revisão sistemática da literatura Anexo III. Plantas cultivadas e silvestres utilizadas direta ou indiretamente na produção de alimentos no Brasil, a dependência da polinização e seus visitantes florais e polinizadores

The use of trap nests supplies important biological information concerning the biology of bees and wasps. However, the knowledge about the factors that influence the management of these groups is still scarce. Our study aimed to analyze the effects of the orientation of nest entrance, shading, and block material (wood or vermiculite) on the frequency, richness, and composition of trap-nesting species at two agricultural areas in the Atlantic Forest region of the state of Paraiba. Both sites showed similar species richness and composition. However, a higher number of nests was found at the Alhandra site, mainly of the species Trypoxylon aurifrons Shuckard and Centris analis (F.). Regarding the orientation, the number of nest entrances oriented to prevailing wind direction was significantly smaller. Most species nested more frequently in shaded areas than in sunny areas and the wood blocks were more attractive than the vermiculite blocks, especially for bees.

Bees are known for foraging majorly on floral resources as pollen, nectar and oil (Roubik, 1989; Wcislo & Cane, 1996), acting as pollinators of angiosperms. However, many bee species forage on other nutritional sources, as hemipteran's honeydews (Camargo & Pedro, 2002), and on materials to be used in their nest building. Mud, feces, plant parts, exudates and animal carcasses can be incorporated by bees to the material used in the construction and sealing of the nest (Wille, 1983; Baumgartner & Roubik, 1989; Noll et al., 1996). Amongst the bees, the Neotropical perennial social bees (Meliponini) have been the most recorded on animal

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Rapid land-use/land cover changes (LULCC) have led to habitat loss and fragmentation in the natural forest areas, which are mainly due to the intense and rapid expansion of urban areas and intense agricultural management. These processes are strongly threatening biodiversity maintenance and the ecosystem services provided by them. Among the ecosystem services under threat, pollination has been widely studied since this service is essential to promote food production and, therefore, human well-being. In a scenario of increasing LULCC it is crucial to understand the interplay between these changes, pollination demand by insect-dependent crops and pollinator availability to ensure these ecosystem services meet the increased demand for food production. In this study, we developed a conceptual model to disentangle the relationships between human-nature, especially LULCC, and its consequences, to the delivery of pollination service. We also presented a case study in the Brazilian São Paulo state, where we modeled the effects of predicted LULCC associated to agriculture expansion between the years 2012 and 2030 on pollinator demand by crops and pollinator supply, for fourteen economically important crops. Additionally, we systematized an expert-based Ecosystem Service matrix to estimate the influences of LULCC on the provision of pollination. Our results showed that by 2030, the demand for pollination will increase by 40% on average, while pollinator supply, estimated using suitability values for the different land-use/cover classes, will show, on average, a 3% decrease. Our results highlight the importance of considering the dialogue among stakeholders, governments, institutions, and scientists to find alternatives and strategies to promote pollinator-friendly practices and safeguard the provision of pollination services in a future under LULCC.

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