R E S U M OO principal objetivo deste trabalho foi quantificar os principais componentes do balanço de energia à superfície da cidade de Patos-PB utilizando-se técnicas de sensoriamento remoto a partir de imagens do TM Landsat-5 e aplicação do algoritmo SEBAL para determinar os componentes do balanço de energia à superfície. Os resultados mostraram que o saldo de radiação (Rn) variou de modo similar ao determinado na literatura; os valores do fluxo de calor sensível (H) apresentaram alta variabilidade espacial, coerentes com a distribuição espacial de H sobre a área estudada. O fluxo de calor latente (LE) apresentou os maiores valores para os corpos d'água e área vegetadas e menores valores para a zona urbana e solo exposto, devido à sua baixa disponibilidade de umidade, resultando em valores de evapotranspiração diária variando entre 0,1 e 12 mm dia -1 . A imagem de satélite mostrou que a modificação do uso e da cobertura do solo contribui para o balanço de energia à superfície de uma área urbana.Palavras-chave: urbanização, fluxo de calor latente, fluxo de calor sensível, ilha de calor urbano. Surface Energy Balance for the Patos City-PB Using Remote Sensing Techniques A B S T R A C TThe main objective of this study was to quantify the major components of the energy balance at the surface of the city of Patos-PB using remote sensing images from Landsat-5 TM and application of SEBAL algorithm to determine the components of the surface energy balance. The findings showed that the net radiation (Rn) ranged similarly to those presented in the literature; the values of the sensible heat flux (H) showed high spatial variability, consistent in the spatial distribution of H in the area studied. The latent heat flux (LE) showed the highest values for the water bodies and vegetated area, and lowest values for urban areas and bare soil, due to its low availability of moisture, resulting in daily evaporation values from 0.1 to 12 mm day -1. The satellite image showed that the change of use and land cover contributes to the surface energy balance of an urban area.Keywords: urbanization, latent heat flux, sensible heat flux, urban heat island IntroduçãoFluxos de energia na interface superfície terrestre-atmosfera caracterizam as trocas energéticas que determinam os regimes térmicos do solo, da vegetação e do ar atmosférico. Esses componentes podem ser estimados utilizando tecnologias avançadas, como a do sensoriamento remoto, por seu baixo custo financeiro, ou até custo zero, a depender da fonte das imagens de satélite. Machado et al. (2010)

Introduction: Due to its frequency and morbidity, such as that caused by scorpions have achieved public health importance in certain regions of the world. The present exploratory ecological study aimed to characterize the epidemiological profi le and spatial distribution of scorpion stings in Campina Grande, State of Paraíba in Northeastern Brazil. Methods: Geographical information system techniques were used to record the scorpion stings, and Google Earth software, Track Maker, and ArcGIS 10 Esri were used as geocoding databases. The Moran test was used to evaluate spatial correlation, and the Pearson chi-square test was used to analyze associations between scorpion stings and socioeconomic variables. Results: The study evaluated 1,466 scorpion stings. Envenomations were more frequent among women (n = 908, 61.9%), and most patients were aged 13-28 years (n = 428, 29.2%). The Southern region of the city had the largest number of registered cases (n = 548, 37.4%), followed by the Western region (n = 510, 34.8%). Conclusions: Spatial analysis of scorpionism revealed an irregular occurrence in Campina Grande. Further, no association was observed between the socioeconomic factors analyzed and the geographic location of the scorpion envenomations. Detection of spatial areas with an increased risk of scorpionism can help prioritize adoption of preventive measures in these regions to reduce the associated incidence and morbidity.

A tuberculose configura-se como problema de saúde pública de relevância social e epidemiológica, presente na Agenda Estratégica da Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde (SVS), cujas ações são gerenciadas pelo Programa Nacional de Controle da Tuberculose (PNCT), que prioriza a descentralização das ações de controle da doença para Atenção Primária à Saúde. Este estudo teve como objetivo analisar a distribuição espacial e a densidade de casos de tuberculose no período 2001 a 2010, na zona urbana do município de Patos (PB). O estudo, ecológico e descritivo, utilizou os casos novos de tuberculose notificados no Sistema de Informação de Agravos de Notificação, a técnica de geoprocessamento para localização dos casos e o software ArcGis 10.0 para o processamento dos dados. Observou-se distribuição da doença com predominância em áreas geográficas que apresentam carência socioeconômica. No período de 2006 a 2010 houve maior distribuição de abrangência geográfica da doença, comparada com o período de 2001 a 2005. Ações de saúde e condições coletivas podem ter influenciado a distribuição da doença no território. Identificou-se áreas geográficas prioritárias para o planejamento, o monitoramento e a avaliação das ações em saúde que vislumbrem o combate à tuberculose.

ABSTRACT:Objective: to analyze the spatial distribution of tuberculosis in Crato, Ceará, Brazil, from 2002 to 2011, aiming to check for a point pattern. Methods: This is an ecological, temporal trend and hybrid design study, with a quantitative approach. A total of 261 cases of tuberculosis were geo-referenced and 20 (7.1%) were considered as losses due to the lack of address. The profile of patients in 10 years of study was in accordance with the following pattern: men aged between 20 and 59 years, with low schooling, affected by the pulmonary form of tuberculosis and who were cured from the disease. Results: The analysis of the spatial distribution of tuberculosis points out that in the period of study, new cases of the disease were not distributed on a regular basis, indicating a clustered spatial pattern, confirmed by the L-function. The map with the density of new cases estimated by the Kernel method showed that the "hot" areas are more concentrated in the vicinity of the central urban area. Conclusion: The study allowed pointing out areas of higher and lower concentration of tuberculosis, identifying the spatial pattern, but it also recognized that the disease has not reached all of the population groups with the same intensity. Those who were most vulnerable were the ones who lived in regions with higher population densities, precarious living conditions, and with intense flow of people.

In order to study data about suicide attempts and do the mapping of occurrence areas, it was developed an ecologic and exploring study, making use of techniques of geoprocessing, based on confirmed cases of suicide attempts. Cases of self-poisoning were included in the urban area of Campina Grande county, in the period of 2010-2013. A total of 446 suicide attempts were geo-referred, pointing up an incidence of 120 cases out of each 100,000 inhabitants. The sample was mostly feminine (66.4%), and 62.3% being up to 30 years old. Kernel's map remarked hot spot areas. Compared to surrounding areas the suicide risk of populations within the hot spots was increased (38%; Relative Risk = 1.38; p= 0.0029), with an average estimative of 165 suicide attempts out of 100,000 inhabitants. Through identification of hot spots and index of living conditions of the neighborhoods, it is possible to set priorities in terms of public policies for the prevention of suicide attempts and control of the marketing of substances that are potentially toxic.

A bacia hidrográfica do rio São Nicolau está localizada no Norte do Piauí próxima ao limite com o Ceará e cruza o território no sentido E-W até desaguar no rio Sambito afluente do Poti. Perfaz uma área de aproximadamente 5.389,8 km2. Possui grande importância no que tange a manutenção dos recursos hídricos nessa região além de formar paisagens ruiniformes no domínio semiárido. Contudo, é uma área ainda ausente de estudos ambientais específicos. Diante do exposto, objetivou-se analisar a bacia a partir dos parâmetros morfométricos associado aos aspectos ambientais e as intervenções humanas para compreensão da sua dinâmica. Para tanto, foi realizado levantamento bibliográfico e cartográfico. Utilizou-se imagens de satélite, shapes, imagens Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM), e cartas topográficas da Superintendência de Desenvolvimento do Nordeste (SUDENE) na escala de 1:100.000. Estes dados foram trabalhados nos software Arcgis 10.1 e Global Mapper que possibilitaram o cálculo e análise dos parâmetros estudados. As características físicoambientais juntamente com os resultados da análise morfométrica indicaram que a bacia não está propicia a inundações, apresenta densidade de drenagem tida como Regular, altitudes pouco elevada, mas, está susceptível a erosão. As formas de uso e ocupação contribuem de certa forma, para o surgimento de problemas ambientais. Portanto, se faz necessário a realização do adequado planejamento da área e reorientação na utilização dos recursos, uma vez que, o manejo inadequado associado às limitações naturais do ambiente semiárido, podem ocasionar danos irreversíveis ao meio ambiente e a população.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the dynamics of temperature of the land surface and land use through TM-Landsat 5 images, between 1987 and 2011 in Metropolitan Brasilia, the Federal District. The city was chosen to present quite peculiar characteristics resulting from its urban planning, including as regards its location, and that over the years has been modified due to the new trends in occupation of its territory. Satellite images were used Landsat 5-TM and SEBAL. The results indicated that the expansion of urban areas has contributed to a significant increase in temperatures over the years, but in the Pilot Plan, it was revealed that there was a cooling mostly derived from the implementation of wooded medians. In impermeable areas, the temperatures approached 30°C and was verified environments conducive to formation of urban heat islands.

The COVID-19 pandemic changed people’s lives all over the world. While anxiety and stress decreased sleep quality for most people, an increase in total sleep time was also observed in certain cohorts. Dream recall frequency also increased, especially for nightmares. However, to date, there are no consistent reports focusing on pandemic-related changes in lucid dreaming, a state during which dreamers become conscious of being in a dream as it unfolds. Here we investigated lucid dreaming recall frequency and other sleep variables in 1,857 Brazilian subjects, using an online questionnaire. Firstly, we found that most participants (64.78%) maintained their lucid dream recall frequency during the pandemic, but a considerable fraction (22.62%) informed that lucid dreams became more frequent, whereas a smaller subset (12.60%) reported a decrease in these events during the pandemic. Secondly, the number of participants reporting lucid dreams at least once per week increased during the pandemic. Using a mixed logistic regression model, we confirmed that the pandemic significantly enhanced the recall frequency of lucid dreams (p = 0.002). Such increase in lucid dreaming during the pandemic was significantly associated with an enhancement in both dream and nightmare recall frequencies, as well as with sleep quality and symptoms of REM sleep behavior disorder. Pandemic-related increases in stress, anxiety, sleep fragmentation, and sleep extension, which enhance REM sleep awakening, may be associated with the increase in the occurrence of lucid dreams, dreams in general, and nightmares.