Limiting the increase in CO2 concentrations in the atmosphere, and at the same time, meeting the increased energy demand can be achieved by applying carbon capture, utilization and storage (CCUS) technologies, which hold potential as the bridge for energy and emission-intensive industries to decarbonization goals. At the moment, the only profitable industrial large-scale carbon sequestration projects are large-scale carbon dioxide enhanced oil recovery (CO2-EOR) projects. This paper gives a general overview of the indirect and direct use of captured CO2 in CCUS with a special focus on worldwide large-scale CO2-EOR projects and their lifecycle emissions. On the basis of scientific papers and technical reports, data from 23 contemporary large-scale CO2-EOR projects in different project stages were aggregated, pointing out all the specificities of the projects. The specificities of individual projects, along with the lack of standardized methodologies specific for estimating the full lifecycle emissions resulting from CO2-EOR projects, pose a challenge and contribute to uncertainties and wide flexibilities when estimating emissions from CO2-EOR projects, making the cross-referencing of CO2-EOR projects and its comparison to other climate-mitigation strategies rather difficult. Pointing out the mentioned project’s differentiations and aggregating data on the basis of an overview of large-scale CO2-EOR projects gives useful information for future work on the topic of a CO2-EOR project’s lifecycle emissions.
Recently, due to the corrosion problem in the petroleum industry and the usage of commercial corrosion inhibitors, which, when released untreated into the environment, are considered to be environmentally unfriendly, green corrosion inhibitors are being researched. In this paper, the results of dandelion-root-extract testing as a green corrosion inhibitor for carbon steel in simulated brine solution saturated with carbon dioxide (CO2) are shown. The extract’s inhibition efficiency in static and flow conditions was determined by using potentiodynamic polarization with Tafel extrapolation and electrochemical-impedance-spectroscopy methods. In static conditions, the extract was tested at different concentrations. A maximum inhibition efficiency of 98.37% in static conditions at an extract concentration of 12 mL/L and 82.80% in flow conditions at a concentration of 14 mL/L was achieved. Additionally, for the most efficient dandelion-root-extract concentration (12 mL/L), the biodegradability and toxicity were determined. A biodegradability of 0.96 and a toxicity of 2.38% was achieved. Based on the obtained results of the conducted laboratory measurements, it can be concluded that dandelion-root extract has significant potential in terms of its use as a green corrosion inhibitor for carbon steel in a CO2-saturated brine solution.
In this paper, preliminary studies of ten different plant extracts as potential corrosion inhibitors of carbon steel were examined. For each extract, the concentration range in which it shows anti-corrosion action was first determined, and then the most effective concentration was determined for each extract. The tests were performed in a brine solution saturated with CO2 at room temperature. The aim of this study was to isolate extracts with high effectiveness and subsequent electrochemical and surface methods to determine the mechanism of inhibitory action. For this purpose, potentiodynamic polarization was performed with Tafel extrapolation. Among all the tested extracts, lady’s mantle (92.17%) and dandelion root (95.07%) stood out with their effectiveness. Both tested extracts showed the behaviour of a mixed corrosion inhibitor with a dominant influence on the anode process.
In the global economy today energy certainly has a strategic importance, whereas in terms of energy supply and securing of primary energy sources a special role is played by crude oil and, to an increasing extent since the start of the new century, natural gas. In the past two decades the consumption of natural gas has been significantly rising and natural gas as energy source is gaining, like crude oil, a strategic importance. While oil is still a dominant energy source in the overall global consumption, which is not going to change in some decades to come, it is anticipated that the share of natural gas in the world energy consumption will go up by 2050 from the present 23 % to nearly 45 %. Securing oil and gas supply is hence a primary task of the energy policy of any country. Considering the fact that 70 % of its primary energy needs Croatia meets by using liquid and gaseous fuels, it is extremely important to review the needs, circumstances and situations concerning natural gas supply and to analyze the overall security of natural gas supply as a prerequisite for Croatia’s energy security as a whole.
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