Abortion is not legal in Chile even to save the woman's life or health. This situation creates serious dilemmas and vulnerabilities for both women and medical practitioners. Abortion incidence has probably decreased since 1990, when data were last studied, due to increased use of contraception and lower fertility, and deaths and complication rates have fallen as well. Misoprostol is available, but Chilean hospitals are still using D&C for incomplete abortions. Although Chilean medical professionals should by law report illegal abortions to the authorities, less than 1% of women in hospital with abortion complications are reported. There are two loopholes, one legal, one clinical. "Interruption of pregnancy" after 22 weeks of pregnancy is legal for medical reasons; this may save some women's lives but can also force prolongation of health-threatening pregnancies. Catholic clinical guidelines define interventions solely aimed at saving the woman's life, even if the fetus dies, not as abortion but "indirect abortion" and permissible. Since 1989, three bills to liberalise the law on therapeutic grounds have been unsuccessful. The political climate is not favourable to changing the law. Conservatives have also not succeeded in making the law more punitive, while the governing centre-left coalition is divided and the associated political risks are considerable.
Resumen: Los adolescentes enfrentan obstáculos culturales e institucionales al momento de concurrir a los servicios de salud en busca de atención en salud sexual y reproductiva. Los jóvenes que se autoperciben de riesgo en VIH/SIDA experimentan discriminación por consideraciones socioeconómicas, y se vulnera su derecho a acceder a servicios de salud bajo un marco de confidencialidad, desconociendo el principio de autonomía progresiva y la evolución de sus facultades. La Convención Internacional de los Derechos del Niño (CIDN), ratificada por Chile, provee un marco jurídico que propicia un diálogo y una nueva relación de los adolescentes con la familia, el Estado y la sociedad, e instala un nuevo paradigma a partir del cual la infancia y la adolescencia son consideradas sujetos de derechos.Palabras clave: adolescentes, VIH/SIDA, autonomía progresiva, confidencialidad REPRODUCTIVE AND SEXUAL RIGHTS: CONFIDENTIALITY AND HIV/AIDS IN CHILEAN ADOLESCENTSAbstract: Adolescents face cultural and institutional obstacles when visiting health care services searching for sexual and reproductive health care. Youngsters who consider themselves at risk for HIV/AIDS undergo discrimination due to socioeconomic reasons, and their right to health care access is infringed under a confidential framework. The principle of progressive autonomy and the evolution of their faculties is ignored. The International Convention for Child's Rights, ratified by Chile, provides a legal framework for dialogue and for a new relationship between adolescents with their family, the State and society, establishing a new paradigm to consider infants and adolescents as subjects to rights.Key words: adolescents, HIV/AIDS, progressive autonomy, confidentiality DIREITOS SEXUAIS E REPRODUTIVOS: CONFIDENCIALIDADE E HIV/AIDS EM ADOLESCENTES CHILENOSResumo: Os adolescentes enfrentam barreiras culturais e institucionais no momento se utilizarem os serviços de saúde em busca de cuidados de saúde sexual e reprodutiva. Os jovens que se auto percebem como de risco HIV/AIDS, são discriminados por questões sócio-econômicas e se enfraquece seu direito de acesso aos serviços de saúde sob um marco de confidencialidade, desconhecendo o princípio de autonomia progressiva e a evolução de suas faculdades. A Convenção Internacional de Direitos da Criança, ratificada pelo Chile, prevê um marco jurídico que possibilita um diálogo e uma nova relação dos adolescentes com a família, o Estado e a Sociedade, e instala um novo paradigma a partir do qual a infância e a adolescência são considerados como sujeitos de direitos.
artículo recibido el 30 de marzo de 2011 y aceptado para su publicación por el comité editorial el 27 de mayo de 2011.
Las normas de protección a la maternidad han sido un vehículo para salvaguardar la infancia, la familia, la sociedad toda (el bien común), pero escasamente para proteger a la mujer en cuanto ciudadana. Instar por estas normas ha sido resistida a lo largo del siglo con argumentos que cruzan distintas épocas, como por ejemplo, que proteger a las mujeres tendría un impacto perjudicial en su empleabilidad, aludiendo a factores como el encarecimiento de la mano de obra, la limitación en la gestión de recursos humanos en la empresa o que el trabajo remunerado femenino es un mal menor, pues abandona las tareas de cuidado y crianza. A este discurso se suma el biomédico que busca la protección de la infancia a través de la lactancia y la salud de los infantes. Solo en los últimos años se recoge en el discurso la equidad de género. Protección a la maternidad-sala cuna-postnatal Protection of motherhood: a history of tensions between the rights of children and the rights of the worker women abstract The standards of protection of motherhood have been a vehicle for safeguarding childhood, family and society as a whole (the common good), but hardly to protect women as citizens. Urging by these rules has been resisted throughout the last century with different arguments. For instance, that protecting women would have a detrimental impact on their employability, referring to factors such as rising wage cost; there are limited managerial human resources available in the companies; or that paid work for women is a lesser evil, since they have abandoned the duty of take care of the children. To this discourse is added the biomedical arguments that seeks to protect children through breastfeeding and health care. Only in recent years, the discourse of gender equity has been embraced. motherhood protection-nursery-maternity leave * Este trabajo representa algunos de los resultados del proyecto de investigación Bicentenario maternidad, salud y trabajo de las Facultades de Psicología, medicina y derecho de la universidad diego Portales financiado por la Vicerrectoría académica. Este fue realizado entre julio 2009 a agosto de 2010. ** abogada, magíster en derecho, profesora e investigadora
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