Approximately 50% of patients across all age groups with varied types of medical conditions do not adhere to their prescribed medication regimens. Medication nonadherence is common in older adults who are often prescribed medications for age-related chronic disorders. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the effect of personal and cultural beliefs on older adults' medication adherence through a review of research studies published in journals across different disciplines. A systematic literature search using ten databases found 14 articles meeting the inclusion criteria. Belief-laden variables including self-efficacy (i.e. the belief that one can perform a specific behaviour under differing conditions), medication efficacy, confidence in the physician's knowledge, perceptions about natural products and home remedies, beliefs of control (over one's health), and illness perceptions were found to be significantly related to medication adherence among older adults. However, several measurement, design and sampling problems were identified in this review. The majority of the studies in the review evaluated older adults' medication adherence by self-report and used cross-sectional designs and convenience samples. Future studies should utilise prospective longitudinal designs and a more objective measure of medication adherence, such as electronic event monitoring, when examining factors related to older adults' medication adherence. Future research should also evaluate belief-related variables in larger and more ethnically diverse samples of older adults. Implications for assessment and intervention are evident from this literature review of the effect of personal and cultural beliefs on medication adherence in older adults.

Childhood obesity is a serious health issue, associated with medical comorbidity and psychosocial impairment that can persist into adulthood. In the United States, youth with intellectual and developmental disabilities are more likely to be obese than youth without disabilities. A large body of evidence supports the efficacy of family-based treatment of childhood obesity, including diet, physical activity, and behavior modification, but few interventions have been developed and evaluated specifically for this population. We highlight studies on treatment of obesity among youth with intellectual and developmental disabilities, including both residential/educational settings as well as outpatient/hospital settings. All interventions were delivered in-person, and further development of promising approaches and delivery via telenursing may increase access by youth and families. Nursing scientists can assume an important role in overcoming barriers to care for this vulnerable and underserved population.

The quality of life (QOL) of the approximately 1.5 million nursing facility (NF) residents in the US is undoubtedly lower than desired by residents, families, providers, and policy makers. Although there have been important advances in defining and measuring QOL for this population, there is a need for interventions that are tied to standardized measurement and quality improvement programs. This paper describes the development and testing of a structured, tailored assessment and care planning process for improving the QOL of nursing home residents. The Quality of Life Structured Resident Interview and Care Plan (QOL.SRI/CP) builds on a decade of research on measuring QOL and is designed to be easily implemented in any US nursing home. The approach was developed through extensive and iterative pilot testing and then tested in a randomized controlled trial in three nursing homes. Residents were randomly assigned to receive the assessment alone or both the assessment and an individualized QOL care plan task. The results show that residents assigned to the intervention group experienced improved QOL at 90- and 180-day follow-up, while QOL of residents in the control group was unchanged.

Heart failure is a chronic condition affecting many with an emphasis on self-management to improve outcomes and decrease the cost of care. A potential strategy to improve the self-management of heart failure includes the use of a patient portal. The purpose of this integrative review is to synthesize what is known about patient portal use by adults with heart failure to identify contributing factors for use and areas for future research. Within the three zones of the Health Information Technology Acceptance Model, predominant themes contributing to patient portal use were identified. Within the health zone, the predominant themes were physical and mental health, quality of life, and social interaction. Within the information zone, the predominant themes included knowledge about heart failure and self-care, information sharing, and communication. Within the technology zone, the predominant themes include the barriers and facilitators of patient portal use and overall usability. Overall, the patient perceptions of the patient portal can lead to the acceptance and use of the technology that can enhance self-management. Healthcare providers should partner with adults with heart failure to maximize the features of the patient portal to support self-management.

More than 30 million persons in the United States have diagnosed or undiagnosed diabetes. Persons with chronic types of diabetes must learn self-management principles and techniques and perform self-care behaviors to reduce the risk of diabetes-related complications. An electronic personal health record is one type of technology commonly used to support diabetes self-management. This integrative review examines research on how personal health records incorporate or address the American Association of Diabetes Educators self-care behaviors, diabetes-related psychosocial concerns, and the diabetes-related clinical quality-of-care measures of hemoglobin A1c, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and blood pressure. In the majority of studies reviewed, participants showed improvement in the self-care behavior or physiological outcome examined. Findings were inconclusive about the impact of personal health record use on diabetes distress. Results also revealed a lack evidence of patient specific factors influencing intention to use a personal health record for management of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Despite evidence that personal health record use improves diabetes self-management, they are underutilized. Implications for practice include understanding what influences intention to use a personal health record. Further research is also needed to determine the impact of personal health record use on diabetes distress.