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IMPORTANCE Elucidation of optimal dosing and treatment content is critical for health care providers, payers, and policy makers, as well as mechanisms of change to inform intervention delivery and training initiatives for childhood obesity.OBJECTIVES To evaluate effects, following a 4-month family-based behavioral weight loss treatment (FBT), of 2 doses (HIGH or LOW) of a weight-control intervention (enhanced social facilitation maintenance [SFM+]) vs a weight-control education condition (CONTROL; matched for dose with LOW), on child anthropometrics, and to explore putative mediators of weight loss outcomes. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS For this parallel-group randomized clinical trial conducted at 2 US academic medical centers from December 2009 to March 2013, 172 parent-child dyads completed FBT and were then randomized to 8 months of SFM+ (HIGH, n = 59; LOW, n = 56) or CONTROL (n = 57). Children (aged 7-11 years) with overweight and obesity (body mass index [BMI; calculated as weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared] Ն85th percentile) with at least 1 parent with overweight and obesity (BMI Ն25) were recruited. INTERVENTIONS HIGH SFM+ vs LOW SFM+ (CONTROL matched the dose of LOW).MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Intention-to-treat analysis using mixed-effects models estimated change in child percentage overweight (percentage above the median BMI for a child's age and sex) for the FBT period (0-4 months) and the SFM+ period (4-12 months), and proportion of children achieving a clinically significant change in percentage overweight (Ն9-unit decrease; months 0-12). Theory-based outcome mediators were also evaluated. RESULTSThis study recruited 172 parent-child dyads (mean [SD] age: parents 42.3 [6.4] years; children, 9.4 [1.3] years). The omnibus treatment × time interaction for child percentage overweight was significant (F 8, 618.9 = 2.89; P = .004). Planned pairwise comparisons revealed that from months 4 to 12, LOW had better outcomes than CONTROL (difference, −3.34; 95% CI, −6.21 to −0.47; d = −0.40; P = .02). HIGH had better outcomes than LOW (difference, −3.37; 95% CI, −6.15 to −0.59; d = −0.38; P = .02) and CONTROL (difference, −6.71; 95% CI, −9.57 to −3.84; d = −0.77; P < .001). A greater proportion of children in HIGH (45 [82%]) vs LOW (34 [64%]) (difference, 18.00; 95% CI, 1.00-34.00; P = .03; number needed to treat = 5.56) and CONTROL (25 [48%]) (difference, 34.00; 95% CI, 16.00-51.00; P < .001; number needed to treat = 2.94) had clinically significant percentage overweight reductions. Food and activity monitoring and goal setting mediated the effect of LOW vs CONTROL (50%). Monitoring and goal setting, family and home environment, and healthy behaviors with peers mediated the effect of HIGH vs CONTROL (25%-42%).CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Following FBT, specialized intervention content (SFM+) enhanced children's weight outcomes and outperformed a credible control condition, with high dose delivery yielding the best outcomes. Sustained monitoring and goal setting, support from the family a...

Purpose of review This review summarizes recent evidence on psychological treatments for eating disorders (EDs). Recent findings EDs are serious psychiatric conditions requiring evidence-based intervention. Treatments have been evaluated within each ED diagnosis and across diagnoses. For adults with anorexia nervosa, no one specialist treatment has been shown to be superior. Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) and interpersonal psychotherapy (IPT) remain the most established treatments for bulimia nervosa and binge eating disorder, with stepped-care approaches showing promise and new behavioral treatments under study. Transdiagnostic enhanced CBT has improved symptoms in adults and youth. Maudsley family-based therapy is the most established treatment for youth with anorexia nervosa and may be efficacious for youth with bulimia nervosa. IPT for the prevention of excess weight gain may be efficacious for reducing loss of control eating and weight gain in overweight youth. Summary Significant advances in treatments have been made, including evaluation of long-term outcomes, novel approaches, and tailored extension for specific patient profiles. However, widespread access to effective ED treatments remains limited. Increasing the potency and expanding the implementation of psychological treatments beyond research settings into clinical practice has strong potential to increase access to care, thereby reducing the burden of EDs.

Adult mood disturbances are highly correlated with obesity, although little is known about the developmental relationship between mood disorders and weight. This study investigated the relationship between childhood psychopathology and weight over the course of 3 years. Body Mass Index (BMI) percentiles and demographic data of children (ages 8–18) with depression (n = 143) or anxiety (n = 43) were compared to healthy controls (n = 99). Both childhood depression (χ2 = 4.6, p = 0.03) and anxiety (χ2 = 6.0, p = 0.01) were associated with increased BMI percentiles. Compared to controls, BMI percentiles of depressed females over the course of the study differed profoundly (χ2 = 7.0, p = 0.01) and BMI percentiles of anxious females approached significance (χ2 = 3.7, p = 0.06). Males with anxiety showed a greater trend towards overweight (χ2 = 3.3, p = 0.07) in comparison to controls. The major finding that depression and anxiety are associated with increased BMI percentiles in a non-obese sample suggests that childhood psychopathology is an important factor that should be carefully monitored.

Objective Children with overweight/obesity have elevated eating disorder (ED) pathology, which may increase their risk for clinical EDs. The current study identified patterns of ED pathology in children with overweight/obesity entering family-based behavioral weight loss treatment (FBT), and examined whether children with distinct patterns differed in their ED pathology and zBMI change across FBT. Methods Before participating in 16-session FBT, children (N=241) completed surveys/interviews assessing ED pathology [emotional eating, shape/weight/eating concerns, restraint, and loss of control (LOC)]. Shape/weight concerns and LOC were also assessed post-treatment. Child height/weight were measured at baseline and post-treatment. Latent class analysis identified patterns of ED pathology. Repeated-measures ANOVA examined changes in zBMI and ED pathology. Results Four patterns of ED pathology were identified: Low ED Pathology, Shape and Weight Concerns, Only Loss of Control, and High ED Pathology. Shape/weight concerns decreased across treatment, with highest decreases in patterns characterized by high shape and weight concerns. All groups experienced significant decreases in zBMI; however, children with the highest ED pathology did not achieve clinically significant weight loss. Conclusions ED pathology decreased after FBT, decreasing ED risk. While all children achieved zBMI reductions, further research is needed to enhance outcomes for children with high ED pathology.