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With the rapid improvement of perovskite solar cells (PSCs), long-life operational stability has become a major requirement for their commercialization. In this work, we devised a pristine cesium− formamidinium−methylammonium (termed as CsFAMA) triple-cationbased perovskite precursor solution into the ionic liquid (IL)-assisted MAPbI 3 nanoparticles (NPs) through a seeded growth approach in which the host IL-assisted MAPbI 3 NPs remarkably promote high-quality perovskite films with large single-crystal domains, enhancing the device performance and stability. The power conversion efficiency (PCE) of the MAPbI 3 NP-seeded growth of MAPbI 3 NPs/CsFAMA-based PSCs is as high as 19.44%, which is superior to those of MAPbI 3 NPs and pristine CsFAMA films as the photoactive layer (9.52 and 17.33%, respectively). The long-term light-soaking and moisture stability of IL-aided MAPbI 3 NPs/CsFAMA-based devices (non-encapsulated) remain above 90 and 80%, respectively, of their initial output after 2 h of light illumination (1 sun) and 6000 h storage at ambient with a relative humidity range of 30−40%. The use of the IL-assisted MAPbI 3 NP-seeded growth for PSCs is a significant step toward developing stable and reliable perovskite photovoltaic devices.

No abstract

Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have appeared as a promising design for next-generation thin-film photovoltaics because of their cost-efficient fabrication processes and excellent optoelectronic properties. However, PSCs containing a metal oxide compact layer (CL) suffer from poor long-term stability and performance. The quality of the underlying substrate strongly influences the growth of the perovskite layer. In turn, the perovskite film quality directly affects the efficiency and stability of the resultant PSCs. Thus, substrate modification with metal oxide CLs to produce highly efficient and stable PSCs has drawn attention. In this review, metal oxide-based electron transport layers (ETLs) used in PSCs and their systemic modification are reviewed. The roles of ETLs in the design and fabrication of efficient and stable PSCs are also discussed. This review will guide the further development of perovskite films with larger grains, higher crystallinity, and more homogeneous morphology, which correlate to higher stable PSC performance. The challenges and future research directions for PSCs containing compact ETLs are also described with the goal of improving their sustainability to reach new heights of clean energy production.

The high potential of Brookite TiO2 nanoparticles (NPs) bridges between perovskite and TiO2 CL, resulted in improved stability of PSCs.