Cattleya walkeriana, one of the most improved Brazilian Cattleyas, is a popular tropical orchid endemic from Brazil and currently endangered. In the present study, for the first time microsatellite markers were developed for C. walkeriana and their transferability was tested for the species C. loddigesii and C. nobilior. The markers were used for genotyping 26 C. walkeriana specimens from different growers and from different levels of improvement. The transferability was successful, with five polymorphic loci transferred to C. loddigesii and six polymorphic loci to C. nobilior. Eight loci were polymorphic, revealing a maximum of two to ten alleles per locus in C. walkeriana and two to four and two to five in C. loddigesii and C. nobilior, respectively. There was no significant linkage disequilibrium in the studied loci. For C. walkeriana, the observed and expected heterozygosities ranged from 0 to 0.963 and from 0.138 to 0.841, respectively. These markers identified polymorphisms and may be used to study the genetic diversity, gene flow or hybridization of these species.
Social practices influence the production, application, and values of modern Science and Technology (S&T). The epistemological integration of science, ideology, and politics produces a complexity that is able to restore the capacity of science to deal with complex problems from several levels. Therefore, it is arguable that scientific education should be effectively committed to instrumentalization for citizenship, as well as to avoid misinterpretations, distortions, and social exclusion. This theoretical study aims to provide a useful guideline for teachers, scientists, and decision-makers focusing on the importance of education and general scientific training on conservation efforts, as to encourage the teaching classes to expand the conceptual framework by encompassing the sociopolitical outspread of S&T. The theoretical foundation was conducted based on two dimensions of Science, Technology, and Society (STS) within scientific education. We created some examples based on phytoplankton biogeochemical dynamics and coral reef conservation to fetch the integration of STS with ecological theory, which can be easily transposed into other subjects or disciplines. The discussion follows the logic that science popularization is a valuable tool for environmental education and a strategy for social inclusion in Brazil. However, the curriculum is an important mechanism driving scholar practices that demands further improvements, besides the academic training of the teachers and the support of the didactic textbooks. Finally, we encourage a policy of science popularization, designed to enlarge individual comprehension of our modern world, to stimulate public participation in decision-making, likewise, to reduce social exclusion and combat structural racism.
(Frutificação e ecologia da germinação de Citharexylum myrianthumCham [Verbenaceae]). Citharexylum myrianthumCham (tarumã) é uma espécie arbórea que ocorre abundantemente na mata ciliar e é utilizada em programas de recuperação de áreas degradadas, especialmente em áreas com solos encharcados. Este trabalho teve por objetivos fornecer informações sobre o modo de dispersão e germinação do tarumã.Foram realizadas análises da maturação dos frutos produzidos, de viabilidade dos pirênios, de dispersão e predação e de ecofisiologia da germinação. Os frutos são dispersos, principalmente, por aves generalistas e a germinação é pouco afetada pela predação pré-dispersão. A espécie apresentou um bom potencial germinativo em regime de luz, caracterizando-se como pioneira e, seus frutos mostraram boa viabilidade no solo, formando banco de sementes por mais de 12 meses. As características avaliadas demonstraram o grande potencial da espécie para ser utilizada na restauração de matas ciliares, a partir de sementes e mudas.
-This study analyzed the reproductive system and the pollen dispersion pattern of Qualea grandiflora progenies. This is a typical species from the Brazilian Cerrado about which there are not too many studies from the genetics point of view. The study was conducted in an area of 2.2 hectares located in the Conservation Unit managed by the Forest Institute of the state of São Paulo, Brazil (Assis State Forest). Total genomic DNA of 300 seeds from 25 plants (12 seeds from each plant) was extracted and amplified using specific primers to obtain microsatellite markers. Results showed that selfing is frequent among adults and progenies, and the species reproduces by outcrossing between related and unrelated individuals (0.913). The single-locus outcrossing rate was 0.632, which indicates that mating between unrelated individuals is more frequent than between related plants. The selfing rate was low (0.087), that is, the species is allogamous and self-fertilization is reduced. About 35% of the plants in the progenies were full-sibs, and about 57%, half-sibs. Besides, about 8% of the progenies were selfing siblings. The genetic differentiation coefficient within progenies was 0.139, whereas the fixation rate was about 27%. The estimate of the effective size revealed that the genetic representativeness of descent was lower than expected in random mating progenies: The analyzed samples corresponded to only 13.2 individuals of an ideal panmictic population. In environmental recovery programs, seeds, preferably from different fruits, should be collected from 95 trees to preserve the genetic diversity of the species.Keywords: Conservation genetics; Genetic diversity; SSR. SISTEMA REPRODUTIVO E FLUXO DE PÓLEN EM PROGÊNIES DE
-The loss of large areas of Cerrado (Brazilian savanna) in Brazil can lead to reduced biodiversity and to the extinction of species. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the genetic fragility of populations of Copaifera langsdorffii Desf exposed to different anthropic conditions in fragments of Cerrado in the state of São Paulo. The study was carried out in two Experimental Stations operated by the Forest Institute (Assis and Itirapina), in one fully protected conservation unit (Pedregulho) and in one private property (Brotas). Analyses were conducted using leaf samples from 353 adult specimens and eight pairs of microsatellite loci. The number of alleles per locus ranged from 13 to 15 in all populations, but the mean number of effective alleles was approximately half this value (7.2 to 9-1). Observed heterozygosity was significant and lower than the expected in all populations. Consequently, all populations deviated from Hardy-Weinberg expected frequencies. Fixation indexes were significant for all populations, with the Pedregulho population having the lowest value (0.189) and Itirapina having the highest (0.283). The analysis of spatial genetic structure detected family structures at distance classes of 20 to 65 m in the populations studied. No clones were detected in the populations. Estimates of effective population size were low, but the area occupied by each population studied was large enough for conservation, medium and long term. Recent reductions or bottlenecks were detected in all four populations. Mean Gst' (genetic divergence) indicated that most of the variation was within populations. Cluster structure analysis based on the genotypes detected K= 4 clusters with distinct allele frequencies patterns. The genetic differentiation observed among populations is consistent with the hypothesis of genetic and geographic isolation. Therefore, it is essential to adopt conservation strategies that raise the gene flow between fragments.Keywords: Copaíba; Gene flow; Microsatellites. ESTRUTURA E DIVERSIDADE GENÉTICA DE Copaifera langsdorffii Desf. EM FRAGMENTOS DE CERRADO NO ESTADO DE SÃO PAULO RESUMO -Considerando que a perda de grandes áreas de Cerrado no Brasil pode levar à diminuição da biodiversidade e, mesmo, à extinção de espécies, questiona-se a fragilidade genética de populações de Copaifera langsdorffii Desf. expostas a diferentes condições antrópicas em fragmentos de Cerrado do Estado de São Paulo. Foram consideradas duas áreas em Estações Experimentais do Instituto Florestal (Assis e Itirapina), uma área em unidade de conservação de proteção integral (Pedregulho) e outra área de propriedade particular (Brotas). As análises foram realizadas com amostras foliares de 353 indivíduos adultos e oito pares de locos microssatélites. O número de alelos por loco variou de 13 a 15 em todas as populações, porém o número médio de alelos efetivos foi aproximadamente a metade desse valor (7,2 a 9-1). As estimativas de heterozigosidade observada foram significativas e ficaram abaixo dos valore...
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