The objective this study was to measure the changes of sphenoid sinusin the Chinese in AsiausingCT sagittal thin-slice reconstruction images, and to clarify the three-dimensional anatomical features of sphenoid sinus with its surrounding structures, relevant to the performing of the endoscopic sphenoidotomy. The sagittal reconstruction images were obtained from 178 CT images of 89 cases of normal adult participants (54 males and 35 females) with sphenoid sinus. We took the high-resolution axial CT images, from all the subjects, of the thickness by 0.625 mm, and reconstructed 1-mm-thick gapless sagittal CT images to measure the distance of all the sellar and pre-sellar types on the three-dimensional reconstructable sagittal plane under the bone window (4,000 at its width, and 400 at its level) in the CT images. The length of mean vertical line from the center of sphenoid ostium to the roof of sphenoid sinus of Non Onodi cell type is 10.6 ± 1.5 mm, and of Onodi cell type is 3.3 ± 1.5 mm. The length of vertical line from the center of sphenoid ostium to the lowest level of the bottom of sphenoid sinus is 12 mm ± 3.7 mm. The length of mean horizontal line from the sphenoid ostium to the posterior wall of sphenoid sinus is 18 ± 1.5 mm or 28 ± 2.5 mm. The mean horizontal line from the lowest point of the sella to the anterior wall of sphenoid sinus is 17.5 ± 1.3 mm in length. The mean horizontal distance from anterior wall to posterior wall of sphenoid sinus of Non Onodi cell type lining skull base is 10.1 ± 1.0 mm, and of Onodi cell type, is 5.2 ± 4.3 mm. The longest horizontal distance from the anterior wall to the posterior wall of sphenoid sinus is 22.0 ± 7.7 mm. The present study provides atomical information about sphenoid sinus of the Chinese in Asia with some surgical distance measured between the sphenoid ostium and the surrounding structures, which is essential to avoid the complications during surgery.

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Copper nanoparticles possess unique physical and chemical properties; however, their application is often restricted, owing to their tendency to oxidize. In this work, we prepared copper nanoparticles with enhanced oxidative stability via a simple and low-cost method, where a modified starch was used as an environmentally friendly reducing agent and biocompatible polyethylenimine was used as a stabilizer. The prepared copper nanoparticles could be stored in air for at least 6 months without any oxidation in a dried state. Interestingly, our synthesis could even be performed at room temperature with a longer reaction time. We used various characterization methods to study the reaction mechanism. The prepared copper nanoparticles were further uniformly doped into an agar film, and this composite showed excellent bacterial killing efficiency, owing to the antibacterial properties of the copper nanoparticles. Our composite film shows potential for various clinical applications, such as wound dressing materials.

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Superhydrophobic composite nanofibrous membranes(PP) were prepared from polycaprolactone (PCL)/polystyrene (PS) through solution blow spinning with an airbrush for oil adsorption. PP membranes were characterized by fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, water contact angle, X‐ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy, X‐ray diffractometer, and thermogravimetric analysis instrument. The effects of mass ratio of PCL and PS on the morphology, porosity, density, cyrstallinity, thermal stability, and oil adsorption ability were investigated. PP membranes had higher density than PCL and PS, while better hydrophobicity. The saturation adsorption capacity of PP to peanut oil, motor oil, and diesel oil is 16.89 g/g, 20.33 g/g, and 12.17 g/g, respectively. After 6 cycles of reutilization, the adsorption capacity to peanut oil, motor oil, and diesel oil remained at 6.16, 7.46, and 5.33 g/g, respectively, higher than that of pure PCL membrane.The water/oil adsorption selectivity of PP was about 7:100. PP had higher oil adsorption capacities and better water/oil adsorption selectivity than the commercial oil absorbent polypropylene. PP membrane could be prepared and used in situ to separate oil from oil/water mixture. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 59:E171–E181, 2019. © 2018 Society of Plastics Engineers

Bacterial cellulose (BC) is a form of cellulose synthesized by microorganisms, which has unique structure properties and differs from plant cellulose. Up to now, chemical modification of BC has not been studied widely. This paper aims to prepare sodium bacterial cellulose sulfate (SBS) in N,N‐dimethylformamide (DMF) with a ClSO3H/DMF complex as the sulfating agent. SBSs with diverse degree of sulfation (DS, 0.04–0.86) were synthesized. The system could change from heterogeneous to homogeneous during the sulfation. Regarding to the DS, the optimal ClSO3H amount and reaction time were 6 mol/mol anhydroglucose unit and 4 h, respectively. DS increased a little when increasing the temperature, while the yield decreased significantly. SBSs with DS > 0.24 were soluble in deionized water. Carbon nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy revealed that the sulfation prefers to take place in the order of C‐6 > C‐2 > C‐3. The X‐ray diffraction profiles indicated that the crystalline structure of BC was destroyed during sulfation. BC has better reactivity than microcrystalline cellulose in both sulfation and depolymerization processes. SBS is a potential biomaterial. However, BC depolymerized obviously in present sulfation, which forbids application of SBS in material. Moisture of the reaction mixture should be removed as completely as possible to guarantee efficient sulfation and decrease depolymerization. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.