Next-Generation Wireless Networks (NGWNs) present an all-IP-based architecture integrating existing cellular networks with Wireless Local Area Networks (WLANs), Wireless Metropolitan Area Networks (WMANs), ad hoc networks, Bluetooth, etc. This makes mobility management an important issue for users roaming among these networks/systems. On one hand, intelligent schemes need to be devised to empower mobile users to benefit from the IP-based technology. On the other hand, new solutions are required to take into account global roaming among various radio access technologies and support of real-time multimedia services. This paper presents a comprehensive performance analysis of Fast handover for Hierarchical Mobile IPv6 (F-HMIPv6) using the fluid-flow and randomwalk mobility models. Location update cost, packet delivery cost and total cost functions are formulated based on the proposed analytical models. We investigate the impact of several wireless system factors such as user velocity, user density, mobility domain size, session-to-mobility ratio on these costs, and present some numerical results.
Widespread metastasis of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) was a complex cascade of events, which is still beyond full appreciation. Screening key proteins, which play a critical role in metastasis, using high-throughput proteomics approach help discover valuable biomarkers and elucidate the mechanism of metastasis. This study was to find out some metastasis candidate proteins among HCC cell lines with various metastatic potential by comparative proteomics, and then further validate the biological function of these proteins in metastasis in vitro. The protein profiles of metastatic HCC cell lines (MHCC97H and MHCC97L) displayed obvious differences compared with nonmetastatic ones (Hep3B). Twenty-six metastasis candidate proteins, which were identified by on-line LC-ESI-MS/MS, such as S100 calcium-binding protein A4 (S100A4), annexin 1, etc., might have much application in diagnostic procedures and prognosis evaluation. S100A4, as a leading different metastasis candidate protein, which overexpressed only in the metastatic cells, was selected for further investigation. A series of assays related to invasion and metastasis in vitro, including cell motility, invasion, and matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) secretion, were performed in MHCC97H/antisense recombinant plasmid to S100A4 (pcDNA3.1(+) AS S100A4) and the mock controls. All the data in the present study suggested that S100A4 might contribute to HCC invasion and metastasis through two paths of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP9) secretion regulation and strengthened motility and invasion properties.
Host plants will affect the performance and population dynamics of the polyphagous insect pest Grapholitha molesta (Busck) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). Cultivar‐level variability needs to be considered in assessing the performance of G. molesta. We evaluated the fitness of G. molesta on five apple varieties in the laboratory by placing eggs on apples and observing their performance including survival, development, and fecundity of the adult insect. Our results demonstrated differences between indices such as larval duration, pupal weight, egg production, length of tunnel, and exiting rate of larvae, which gave similar host rankings. Variety Danxia was less suitable than Jinqing and Shuohong, and more suitable than Empire and Jinxing. However, other indices such as pupal duration, total pre‐oviposition time, and the estimated population parameters resulted in a different host ranking. We calculated weighted fitness scores to overcome the problem of inconsistent rankings. Empire changed from being the second highest ranking variety based on all population parameters to the second lowest using weighted fitness scores. The difference in ranking observed between apple varieties demonstrates the care needed in predicting population performance in the field using single traits.
Multiple epiphyseal dysplasia is a rare congenital osteochondrodysplasia disorder characterized by a delay in the appearance of the epiphyses; irregular, symmetric epiphyseal formation; mild short stature; and early-onset osteoarthritis. Peripheral weight-bearing and nonweight-bearing joints can be affected. Treatment of the hip deformity in multiple epiphyseal dysplasia is a challenge for orthopedic surgeons.We reviewed the clinical features and treatment options of hip joints affected by multiple epiphyseal dysplasia in 6 young patients (4 boys and 2 girls). Average patient age was 8.8 years (range, 5-14 years). The spectrum of hip joint deformity ranged from mild to severe. Surgical procedures included intertrochanteric extension osteotomy of the femur in 2 patients (4 hips), Staheli acetabular augmentation in 1 patient (2 hips), and trochanter arthroplasty associated with Dega osteotomy in 2 patients (4 hips). One patient did not undergo surgical treatment. All patients were followed up for an average 7.2 years. Joint function improved in the patients treated surgically. The coxa vara deformity was corrected satisfactorily, and the femoral head was covered completely by the acetabulum.Good mid-term outcomes were obtained for the treatment of severe hip deformity by using intertrochanteric extension osteotomy and trochanter arthroplasty. However, because of the inherent nature of this disorder, long-term follow-up of the patients is required.
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