The graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) which is a two-dimensional conjugated polymer has drawn broad interdisciplinary attention as a low-cost, metal-free, and visible-light-responsive photocatalyst in the area of environmental remediation. The g-C3N4-based materials have excellent electronic band structures, electron-rich properties, basic surface functionalities, high physicochemical stabilities and are “earth-abundant.” This review summarizes the latest progress related to the design and construction of g-C3N4-based materials and their applications including catalysis, sensing, imaging, and white-light-emitting diodes. An outlook on possible further developments in g-C3N4-based research for emerging properties and applications is also included.

An ultrathin, highly thermally conductive heat spreader has been fabricated by layer-by-layer stacking of hydroxylated boron nitride nanosheets (HBNNS) for the first time. HBNNS were prepared by a molten hydroxide-assisted liquid exfoliation from hexagonal boron nitride powder. The as-prepared heat spreader of HBNNS exhibits a high thermal conductivity of 51.1 W m −1 K −1 along the in-plane direction, and can be further enhanced 14% by annealing for de-hydroxylation. This heat spreader with 10-30 µm in thickness possessed excellent thermal stability with negligible weight loss at wide temperature range up to 700 °C, resulting in promising applications for heat dissipation in electronic components operated at high working temperature.

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Daunorubicin is a famous anthracycline anticancer chemotherapy drug with many side effects that is very important to measure in biological samples. A daunorubicin electrochemical biosensor was fabricated in this study using ds-DNA as the biorecognition element and glassy carbon electrode (GCE) amplified by Pt/SWCNTs as a sensor. The synthetization of Pt/SWCNTs was done by the polyol method, and their characterization was accomplished via XRD, EDS, and TEM methods. The results showed a diameter of about 5.0 nm for the Pt nanoparticle decorated at the surface of SWCNTs. The morphological and conductivity properties of Pt/SWCNTs/GCE were investigated by EIS and AFM methods, and the results confirmed that Pt/SWCNTs/GCE had a high surface area and high conductivity. ds-DNA/Pt/SWCNTs/GCE showed an oxidation signal relative to that of the guanine base at the potential of 847 mV and a positive shift after interaction with the daunorubicin anticancer drug. This point confirms the intercalation reaction between the guanine base in the ds-DNA structure and the drug that could be used as an analytical factor for the determination of daunorubicin. Furthermore, molecular docking study is used to predict the interaction site of daunorubicin with DNA. It is found that daunorubicin interacts with guanine bases of DNA via an intercalative mode. Kinetic investigation showed an association equilibrium constant (K a) of about 5.044 × 103 M–1 between ds-DNA and daunorubicin. The differential pulse voltammetric results showed a linear dynamic range of 4.0 nM to 250.0 μM with a detection limit of 1.0 nM for determination of daunorubicin on the surface of ds-DNA/Pt/SWCNTs/GCE. Finally, ds-DNA/Pt/SWCNTs/GCE was successfully used for the determination of daunorubicin in injection samples with a recovery range of 98.27–10313%.

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