Delivery of bone marrow concentrate to cartilage defects has the clinical potential to improve cartilage healing, providing a simple, cost-effective, arthroscopically applicable, and clinically effective approach for cartilage repair.

Pain was significantly reduced 12 and 24 months after NeoCart treatment. Trends toward improved function and motion were observed 24 months after implantation. The MRI indicated implant stability and peripheral integration, defect fill without overgrowth, progressive maturation, and more organized cartilage formation.

Osteochondral lesions of the talus are common injuries following acute and chronic ankle sprains. Numerous surgical treatment strategies have been employed for treating these lesions; arthroscopic bone marrow stimulation is recognized as the first-line technique to provide fibrocartilage infill of the defect site. While the short- and medium-term outcomes of this technique are good, the long-term outcomes are not yet known. An increasing number of studies, however, show a cause for concern in employing this technique, including declining outcome scores over time. The current authors have therefore developed a treatment strategy based on previously established guidelines in addition to morphological cartilage-sensitive fast spin echo techniques and quantitative T2 mapping magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Accordingly, the authors advocate arthroscopic bone marrow stimulation in lesion sizes up to 8 mm in diameter and osteochondral autograft transplant (OATS) in lesion sizes greater than 8 mm in diameter. In the absence of long-term studies, confining the use of arthroscopic bone marrow stimulation to smaller lesions may support prolonged joint life by decreasing the rate at which the fibrocartilage ultimately degenerates over time. Employing the OATS procedure in larger lesions has the advantage of replacing “like with like.” The current review examines the role of arthroscopic bone marrow stimulation techniques of the talus.

The assessment of articular cartilage using magnetic resonance imaging has seen considerable advances in recent years. Cartilage morphologic characteristics can now be evaluated with a high degree of accuracy and reproducibility using dedicated pulse sequences, which are becoming standard at many institutions. These techniques detect clinically unsuspected traumatic cartilage lesions, allowing the physician to study their natural history with longitudinal evaluation and also to assess disease status in degenerative osteoarthritis. Magnetic resonance imaging also provides a more objective assessment of cartilage repair to augment the information obtained from more subjective clinical outcome instruments. Newly developed methods that provide detail at an ultrastructural level offer an important addition to cartilage evaluation, particularly in the detection of early alterations in the extracellular matrix. These methods have created an undeniably important role for magnetic resonance imaging in the reproducible, noninvasive, and objective evaluation and monitoring of cartilage. An overview of the advances, current techniques, and impact of magnetic resonance imaging in the setting of trauma, degenerative arthritides, and surgical treatment for cartilage injury is presented.

Although posterior capsule repair reduces the incidence of dislocation after THA, radiographic imaging studies suggest a high failure rate of the repair. Using MRI, we prospectively followed patients to evaluate the integrity of the posterior soft tissue repair after primary THA. Thirty-six patients (21 men, 15 women) underwent arthroplasty using a standard posterior approach. The posterior capsule and external rotators were repaired as separate layers using nonabsorbable sutures through two drill holes in the greater trochanter. Patients observed postoperative hip precautions for 6 weeks after surgery. All patients underwent initial MRI between postoperative Days 2 and 4. Thirty patients returned for followup MRI 3 months after surgery. At 3 months followup, the posterior capsule remained intact in 27 of 30 patients (90%) and the quadratus femoris repair remained intact in 29 of 30 patients (97%). Thirteen of 30 piriformis tendon repairs (43%) and 17 conjoined tendon repairs (57%) showed a gap between the hypointense tendon end and the greater trochanter greater than 25 mm. Our data show repaired posterior soft tissues provide a biologic scaffold allowing formation of a posterior pseudocapsule.

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Patellar AOT is an effective treatment for focal patellar chondral lesions, with significant improvement in clinical follow-up. This study suggests that patients with patellar malalignment may represent a subset of patients who have a poor prognostic outlook compared with patients with normal alignment.

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