The Malva genus presents different species with therapeutic potential and inadequate consumption can occur due to the incorrect identification of the plant in the market. The objective of this study was to identify species of the Malva genus cultivated in the Western Mesoregion of Santa Catarina State-Southern Brazil, and to verify the conformity of products' labels marketed as dehydrated medicinal plants through the characteristics of the plant parts. The specimens were collected following an unsystematic procedure from households of ten municipalities. The material was identified with the help of specialized bibliography and a specialist. After, they were herborized and deposited in the herbaria of the State University of Santa Catarina (LUSC) and of the Botanical Garden Research Institute of Rio de Janeiro (RB). Five cultivated species of Malva were found (M. nicaeensis, M. parviflora, M. pseudolavatera, M. Sylvestris and M. verticillata). Whereas one species of the Geraniaceae family (Pelargonium graveolens) and three species of the Malvaceae family (Malva sylvestris, M. verticillata and Sida cordifolia) were found in the dehydrated packages. S. cordifolia species was present in 80% of the samples, with 65% of them marketed as M. sylvestris or under the common name of "mallow". Macroscopic images of the species and illustrations of the mericarps were made and an identification chart along with the morphological description for each species was elaborated based on the morphological results. Descriptions of labels for 60 samples were checked for the determination of the dehydrated Malva species marketed. Characteristics of parts of the plant in comparing them with the characteristics described in the specialized literature were performed. The target species of incorrect identifications in the analyzed packages was M. sylvestris.
The viability and infectivity of an ectomycorrhizal inoculum (isolate UFSC-Rh90, Rhizopogon nigrescens), produced by submerged cultivation in an airlift bioreactor and immobilized in beads of calcium alginate gel, was studied. Inoculum remained 100% viable after 18 months in a 0.85% NaCl solution at 8 ± 1ºC. Mycelium grew from the beads after 48 h when they were placed on a solid culture medium at 25 ± 1ºC. Viability of pellets of non-immobilized mycelium stored under the same conditions decreased gradually after the third month of storage, reaching 0% by the 12th month. These pellets presented a gradual darkening, which was more intense in those located near the surface of the NaCl solution. In culture medium, these dark pellets showed no viability. Gel immobilization helps to maintain mycelium viability during storage and offers a physical protection when the inoculum is applied to the planting substrate. After eight months refrigeration, the immobilized inoculum was still able to infect Pinus taeda seedlings, colonizing an average of 37% of the root tips when inoculated in the plant growth substrate under greenhouse conditions. This inoculum presents a commercial potential to be produced and applied in forest nurseries.
In vitro propagation of plants makes it possible to accelerate the process of plant multiplication, the study of secondary metabolite production and the cultivation of biotrophic fungi. The objective of this work was to study the combination of indoleacetic acid (IAA) and benzylaminopurine (BAP) and explant sizes in in vitro multiplication of M. sylvestris. Five concentrations of BAP (0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0 mg L-1) and two of IAA (0 and 0.5 mg L-1) were used in explants of 4 to 9 mm and of 14 to 23 mm. Contaminated explants, oxidation, establishment, relative growth rate (RGR), sprouting, rooting and callus formation were evaluated. There was no interaction effect between BAP and IAA concentrations. At 28 days, explants were established at 32.76% and callus formation was 62.5% for explants associated with 0.0 mg L-1 of IAA. There was 32.14% establishment and 63.79% callus formation at 0.5 mg L-1 of IAA. Bacterial contamination at 28 days was 60.53%, twice as much the amount found at 14 days, suggesting that the explants presented endogenous contamination. It was found that explant size influences the subsequent meristematic development. The use of smaller explants (4 to 9 mm) allowed greater formation of calli and larger explants (14 to 23 mm) allowed greater formation of shoots. In conclusion, larger explants are preferable for production of M. sylvestris in vitro by organogenesis while smaller ones are preferable for embryogenesis.
The production of medicinal plants which have an association with biotrophic fungi requires non-residual and favorable methods to the host with tolerance to the presence of phytopathogens. The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of homeopathic preparations on the rust severity and the growth of Malva sylvestris plants. M. sylvestris seedlings were prepared in 600 ml containers with commercial substrate. The seedlings were arranged in pots at 26 days of age and outlined in two experiments. The treatments consisted of Amonnium carbonicum (Am. carb.), Atropa belladonna (Bell.), Calcarea carbonica (Calc. carb.), Silicea terra (Sil.) and Sulfur (Sulf.), all at 30CH (centesimal Hahnemannian dilution order). The last two dynamizations (29 and 30CH) were prepared in distilled water for all treatments. Control plants were treated with water. Natural inoculation of the plants with Puccinia malvacearum occurred in the first experiment, and the applications of homeopathic preparations were carried out every seven days for five weeks. Four evaluations of rust severity, diameter, height and number of leaves were conducted. Next, M. sylvestris seedlings were transplanted into pots with 5 liters of substrate in the second experiment and the growth curve of the plant was observed in relation to the diameter and height variables. Am. Carb. reduced 18.29% of the rust severity in relation to the control plants. Sil. 30CH contributed to an increase in stem diameter. There was no interference in the plants’ height by homeopathic preparations. The application of homeopathies in M. sylvestris can contribute to their production, reducing the rust intensity considered in the crop cycle and can assist in the plant growth without leaving residues which can harm pollinators and hyperparasites.
A diversidade de fungos ectomicorrízicos encontrada na região sul do Brasil, notavelmente em Santa Catarina, é ainda pouco estudada e conhecida. O objetivo deste trabalho foi coletar e identificar os gêneros de fungos ectomicorrízicos presentes em reflorestamento de Pinus taeda no município de Caçador, meio-oeste catarinense. Foram encontrados nove espécies pertencentes à seis gêneros distintos: Amanita, Lactarius, Laccaria, Scleroderma, Boletinus e Russula. Sendo que este levantamento foi o primeiro registro do gênero Russula para o meio-oeste catarinense e Boletinus sp. o primeiro registro para o Brasil. As características e informações obtidas neste levantamento serviram de base para a elaboração de um herbário virtual que será hospedado na página www.uniarp.edu.br. Enfatizamos que os dados deste levantamento são válidos como um trabalho introdutório, sendo necessário um monitoramento sistemático destes fungos ao longo de vários anos e a realização de análises biomoleculares para correlacionar as características morfológicas dos táxons encontrados.
RESUMOO presente trabalho foi realizado para a região do Araripe, localizada no oeste de Pernambuco. Esta região apresenta importantes modificações em seu ambiente natural, principalmente ocasionadas pela remoção da cobertura vegetal nativa, muitas vezes resultante de desmatamento ilegal para a utilização da lenha como fonte energética nas indústrias gesseiras. Este trabalho buscou separar e quantificar a cobertura vegetal da região estudada a partir do Índice
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