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Purpose: This study aims to explore the relationships between workplace spirituality, intention to leave and organizational citizenship behaviour (OCB) among nurses and whether OCB mediates the relationship between workplace spirituality and intention to leave. Design/methodology: Due to the shifting paradigm of health policies, administrations in Malaysian hospitals are faced with trials of cost reduction. The high rate of nurses leaving the hospital poses a burden to the human resource department. This study aims to discover how to cope with this problem by utilizing workplace spirituality and organizational citizenship behaviour. In the present correlational study, data were collected using questionnaires. A total of 345 nurses from three public and general hospitals located in Johor Bahru, Malaysia, were chosen as samples using a random sampling method to respond to questionnaires. The measurement and structural model were assessed using SmartPls 2.0. Findings:Workplace spirituality has significant negative influence on nurses' intention to leave and positive influence on OCB. Amongst nurses, workplace spirituality contributed to 34% of the variation in intention to leave, whereas 36% of the variation was in accordance to OCBI -615-Intangible Capital -https://doi.org/10.3926/ic.906 and 45% of the variation was in accordance to OCBO. Furthermore, OCB arbitrated the effect of workplace spirituality on the intention to leave. Social implications:This study has shown the probable advantages of better understanding the positive impact of workplace spirituality on nurses' tendency to leave and OCB. This is important for the managers of nurses in the effort to improve nurses' performance and, by extension, the healthcare system. Originality/value: Workplace spirituality contributes to nurses' intention to leave and OCB.This study highlights the benefits of the novel idea of workplace spirituality, especially amongst nurses needing motivation in their duties.

Anaerobic digestion (AD) treatment of agricultural and animal waste can be considered as a means of enabling environmental remediation. This research investigated two conditions of anaerobic co‐digestion of maize waste and cow dung. This was done by placing a mixture of cow dung and maize waste together in a floating drum digester that was run at two different cow dung/maize ratios of 10:1 and 10:5. Batch conditions were on a bench‐scale of AD, 5 L in volume, developed to operate under mesophilic (36 ± 1°C). Results showed that biogas and methane yields from mesophilic digestion at the ratio of 10:1 were lower than yields obtained at ratio tested in the second run (10:5). Biogas yields were 250 and 480 L/kg VS for first and second runs, respectively. In the case of methane, these amounts were presented at 130 and 300 L/kg VS. Furthermore, the average methane content of biogas was calculated as 51 and 62%, in first and second runs respectively. The total biogas production of the reactor increased by 92% when substrates were fed in second condition ratio compared to biogas production during the first condition ratio. In continue the effect of adding maize waste on biogas yield from cow dung was evaluated in batch digesters under mesophilic conditions. The addition of maize waste to cow dung presents a viable method to improve biogas yield, as well as a means to use maize waste. © 2013 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 33: 597–601, 2014

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This research compares the various waste management strategies in Tabriz, Iran, and selects the best one by a decision‐making method. Selection the best strategy is conducted based on the Multi Criteria Analysis (MCA). In this regard, the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP), a mathematical technique for multicriteria decision making, and the Multi Criteria Analysis which is a developed decision‐making tool have been used. This research compares four waste management strategies including various practices such as Source Separation (SS), Biological and Mechanical Treatment (BMT), Refused Derived Fuel (RDF), Incineration and Landfilling. There are mainly eight criteria weighted based on the AHP method to select the best strategy. These criteria consist of required land for waste management, energy recovery, investment and operation costs, income to cost ratio (benefit), environmental impacts, and complexity of implementation and operation of process, public acceptance, and recycling materials. The results of this study demonstrate that the first strategy provides the best solution for waste management which includes SS, Compost production, BMT, RDF and Landfilling. Finally, study suggests various solutions that minimize environmental impacts and social cost and improve the public acceptance. © 2012 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 32: 810–817, 2013

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AD: anaerobic digester; BOD: biochemical oxygen demand; COD: chemical oxygen demand; FAAS: flame atomic absorption spectroscopy; HS: high solids; HRT: hydraulic retention time; LS: low solids; MS: medium solids; OFMSW: organic fraction of municipal solid waste; TCD: thermal conductivity detector; TS: total solid; TSS: total suspended solids.