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Research into the extra-skeletal functions of vitamin D has been expanding in recent years. During pregnancy, maternal vitamin D status may be of concern because of the key role of this vitamin in fetal skeletal development and due to the association between hypovitaminosis D and adverse maternal-fetal outcomes. Therefore, the objective of this manuscript was to review the maternal-fetal impact of gestational vitamin D deficiency and the benefits of vitamin D supplementation during pregnancy. A literature search was performed in PubMed and Embase employing the following keywords: vitamin D deficiency, pregnancy, 25-hydroxyvitamin D, and hypovitaminosis D. All relevant articles in English language published since 1980 were analysed by the two authors. Neonatal complications derived from vitamin D deficiency include low birth weight, growth restriction, and respiratory tract infection. In the mother, vitamin D deficiency has been associated with altered glucose homeostasis and increased incidence of gestational diabetes mellitus, pre-eclampsia, and bacterial vaginosis. However, the current state of the evidence is controversial for some other endpoints and the actual benefit of vitamin D supplementation in pregnancy remains unclear. Additional longitudinal studies may clarify the actual impact of vitamin D deficiency during pregnancy, and randomised trials are required to define the benefits of vitamin D supplementation in reducing the incidence of adverse outcomes in the mother and infant.

The CKD-EPI equation is less accurate in patients with Type 2 diabetes when compared with healthy individuals, with a 2.5-fold greater bias.

AimsGestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is a prevalent and potentially serious condition which may put both mothers and neonates at risk. The current recommendation for diagnosis is the oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT). This study aimed to determine the usefulness of HbA1c test as a diagnostic tool for GDM as compared to the traditional criteria based on the OGTT.MethodsThis was a diagnostic test accuracy study. We performed OGTT and HbA1c test in women attending prenatal visits at a tertiary hospital. GDM was defined according to WHO1999 or ADA/WHO 2013 criteria. ROC curve was used to evaluate the diagnostic performance of HbA1c. Sensitivity, specificity and likelihood ratios for different HbA1c cut-off points were calculated.ResultsOf the 262 women in the third trimester of gestation enrolled in the study, 86 (33%) were diagnosed with GDM. Only five of these women presented HbA1c ≥48 mmol/mol (6.5%). This cut-off point presented 100% specificity but very low sensitivity (7%). Based on ROC curve, and considering OGTT as the reference criterion, HbA1c ≥40 mmol/mol (5.8%) showed adequate specificity in diagnosing GDM (94.9%) but low sensitivity (26.4%). Unlike, HbA1c values of 31 mmol/mol (5.0%) presented adequate sensitivity (89.7%) but low specificity (32.6%) to detect GDM. For women with HbA1c ≥40 mmol/mol (5.8%), the positive and negative likelihood ratios were 5.14 (95%CI 2.49–10.63) and 0.78 (0.68–0.88), respectively. The post-test probability of GDM was about 40%, representing a 4.0-fold increase in the mean pre-test probability. This cut-off point could eliminate the need for the unpleasant and laborious OGTT tests in almost one third of cases, as 38% of patients with GDM may be diagnosable by HbA1c test alone.ConclusionsOur results show that combined HbA1c and OGTT measurements may be useful in diagnosing GDM.

SUMÁRIOO tratamento do diabetes gestacional é importante para evitar a morbimortalidade materno--fetal. O objetivo deste artigo é descrever o tratamento atualmente disponível para o manejo otimizado da hiperglicemia na gestação e sugerir um algoritmo de tratamento multidisciplinar. A terapia nutricional é a primeira opção de tratamento para as gestantes, e a prática de exercício físico leve a moderado deve ser estimulada na ausência de contraindicações obstétricas. O tratamento medicamentoso está recomendado quando os alvos glicêmicos não são atingidos ou na presença de crescimento fetal excessivo à ultrassonografia. O tratamento tradicional do diabetes gestacional é a insulinoterapia, embora mais recentemente a metformina venha sendo considerada uma opção segura e eficaz. A monitorização do tratamento é realizada com aferição da glicemia capilar e com avaliação da circunferência abdominal fetal por meio de ultrassonografia obstétrica a partir da 28 a semana de gestação. INTRODUÇÃOO diabetes gestacional é definido como qualquer grau de redução da tolerância à glicose, cujo início ou detecção ocorre durante a gravidez (1,2). Sua prevalência é variável, dependendo dos critérios diagnósticos empregados e da população estudada (1). No Brasil, em torno de 7% das gestações são complicadas pela hiperglicemia gestacional (3).Habitualmente, o diagnóstico do diabetes gestacional é realizado por busca ativa, com testes provocativos que empregam sobrecarga de glicose, a partir do segundo trimestre da gestação. Mais recentemente, tem-se recomendado a triagem precoce de gestantes de alto risco na primeira consulta pré-natal, o que permite identificar casos de diabetes preexistente e que não devem, portanto, ser rotulados como diabetes gestacional (1,4).

Objectives:The aims of this study were to estimate the local rate of postpartum diabetes screening after gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) pregnancies, and to identify clinical variables associated with retesting rates and with the persistence of decreased glucose tolerance. Subjects and methods:Prospective cohort of GDM women with prenatal delivery at a specialized center, from November 2009 to May 2012. All women were advised to schedule a 6 weeks postpartum 75-g oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT). Results: Of the 209 women included, 108 (51.7%) returned to be tested with fasting plasma glucose (n = 14), OGTT (n = 93) or random glucose (n = 1). Return was associated with lower parity rate (2 vs. 3, p < 0.001) and higher pregnancy 2-h OGTT (165 vs. 155 mg/dL, p = 0.034), but not with socio-demographic characteristics. Four women (3.7%) had diabetes, 22 (20.4%) had impaired fasting glucose or impaired glucose tolerance. Persistent hyperglycemia was associated with a positive family history of diabetes (relative risk -RR 2.41, p = 0.050), diagnostic 2-h OGTT in pregnancy (RR 1.01, p = 0.045), insulin use during pregnancy (RR 2.37, p = 0.014), and cesarean section (RR 2.61, p = 0.015). Conclusions: Even though postpartum abnormalities were frequent in GDM, rates of postpartum diabetes screening were undesirably low. As no specific clinical profile defines who will adhere to postpartum testing, it is essential to encourage all women to reevaluate their glucose status, particularly those with a family history of diabetes and more severe hyperglycemia. Resultados: Das 209 mulheres arroladas na gestação, 108 (51,7%) foram avaliadas após o parto: 14 com glicemia de jejum, 93 com o TOTG e uma com glicemia ao acaso. O retorno para reavaliação foi associado com menor paridade (2 vs. 3, p < 0,001) e com glicemia de 2-h mais elevada no TOTG diagnóstico (165 vs. 155 mg/dL, p = 0,034). Diabetes foi diagnosticado em quatro mulheres (3,7%) e pré-diabetes em 22 (20,4%). Análise multivariada evidenciou que a história familiar de diabetes (risco relativo -RR 2,41, p = 0,050), a glicemia de 2 horas no TOTG da gestação (RR 1,01, p = 0,045), o uso de insulina na gestação (RR 2,37, p = 0,014) e a taxa de cesariana (RR 2,61, p = 0,015) foram os fatores associados à persistência da hiperglicemia. Conclusões: O retorno para reavaliação foi baixo, embora as alterações glicêmicas tenham sido frequentes. Como não houve fatores que indiquem quais mulheres retornarão, estratégias para aumentar a adesão são necessárias, especialmente quando há história familiar ou o DMG foi mais grave. Arq Bras Endocrinol Metab. 2014;58(2):197-204 Descritores Diabetes gestacional; reavaliação pós-parto; DMG; diabetes tipo 2; teste oral de tolerância à glicose ¹ Programa de Pós-graduação em Endocrinologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul

No abstract

BackgroundGlomerular filtration rate (GFR) is the best index of renal function, but age, gender and ethnicity can putatively affect its values. The aim of this study was to establish reference values for GFR in healthy Brazilian subjects while taking these factors into account.MethodsIn this cross-sectional study, GFR was measured by the 51Cr-EDTA single-injection method. GFR reference values were developed according to CLSI Guidelines for Defining, Establishing, and Verifying Reference Intervals in the Clinical Laboratory (CLSI C28 protocol).ResultsThe age range of the 285 healthy individuals was 19 to 70 years, 57% were females, and GFR was 106 ± 18 mL/min/1.73 m2. There was no difference between male and female GFRs (108 ± 18 vs. 104 ± 18 mL/min/1.73 m2 respectively, P = 0.134), and reference values were therefore developed from the pooled sample. GFR values were lower in subjects aged ≥45 years as compared with those younger than 45 years (98 ± 15 vs.112 ± 18 mL/min/1.73 m2, P < 0.001). Based on mean ± 2 SD, GFR reference values were 76 to 148 mL/min/1.73 m2 for subjects younger than 45 years and 68 to 128 mL/min/1.73 m2 for individuals older than 45 years, irrespective of gender.ConclusionThe age-adjusted reference intervals reported may be reliably adopted to evaluate kidney function, since they are based on recommended standards.