A key determinant of breast cancer outcome in any population is the degree to which newly detected cancers can be diagnosed correctly so that therapy can be selected properly and provided in a timely fashion. A multidisciplinary panel of experts reviewed diagnosis guideline tables and discussed core implementation issues and process indicators based on the resource stratification guidelines.Issues were then summarized in the context of 1) clinical assessment, 2) diagnostic breast imaging, 3) tissue sampling, 4) surgical pathology, 5) laboratory tests and metastatic imaging, and 6) the healthcare system. Patient history provides important information for the clinical assessment of breast and comorbid disease that may influence therapy choices. Focused clinical breast examination and complete physical examination provide guidance on the extent of disease, the presence of metastatic disease, and the ability to tolerate aggressive therapeutic regimens. Breast imaging improves preoperative diagnostic assessment and also permits image-guided needle sampling. Diagnostic mammography was not considered mandatory in low-and middle-income countries when resources are lacking. Needle biopsy is preferred to surgical excision for the initial diagnosis of suspicious breast lesions, unless resources are unavailable. Mastectomy should never be used as a method of tissue diagnosis. The availability of predictive tumor markers, especially estrogen receptor testing, is critical when endocrine therapies are available; quality assessment of immunohistochemistry testing is important to avoid false-negative results. Incremental allocation of resources can help address economic disparities and help ensure equity in access to timely diagnosis. Cancer 2008;113(8 suppl):2257-68.
Introduction Cancer is the second cause of death in Argentina, Cuba and Uruguay during the last decade, cancer mortality has shown a decrease trend in developed countries. Objective To describe mortality trends over time by cancer site in Argentina, Cuba and Uruguay during 1990-2005. Methods For each cancer site, country and gender, age-group specific and standardised (overall) rates were calculated by direct method (using the world standard population). The jointpoint regression analysis was used to identify the best-fitting points were a statistically significant change in the trend occurred and annual percent change was also estimated. Results Total cancer mortality rates decline during the whole period excepting for Cuba. Lung: a negative tendency was observed in men in Argentina and Uruguay (annual percent change:-2.25 and-1.28 % respectively), and increased in women (annual percent change: 1,75, 2,83 and 3,02) in Argentina, Uruguay and Cuba respectively. Breast: Negative trends were observed in the three countries. Prostate: it is the second cause of mortality in men in Cuba and Uruguay , and third in Argentina. A negative change in the tendency was observed from 1993 (Cuba) and 1998 (Argentina). Colon/recto: Decreasing rates were shown in Argentina in both sexes whereas not changes were noted in Cuba and Uruguay. Esophagus: Negative trends were detected in Argentina and Uruguay. Uterus: in the three countries mortality for Uterus non-specified was similar to cervix, diminishing for Argentina and Uruguay, while increased in Cuba. Body of uterus mortality http://scielo.sld.cu diminished in Argentina. Conclusions Mortality trends in Cuba indicate an increasing for the tobacco related-cancer. Enhancing quality of death certification could mask a negative tendency of the mortality for cervix cancer. Negative trends in prostate cancer might be view from the impact of advances in diagnosis and treatment.
Reports of population-based survival rates of cancer from developing countries are infrequent. In Latin America, only the Cancer Registry of Puerto Rico has published population-based survival data. The National Cancer Registry of Cuba has achieved three survival studies with cases incident in 1976, 1982 and 1988-1989. This article deals with the global observed and relative survival rates estimated in the latter study. Survival time trends are analysed. In the period 1988-1989, 12,985 primary cancer cases were included from the most common cancer sites, with the exclusion of cancer in situ cases and 8900 cases reported by 'death certificate only' (DCO) (35.8%). The vital status of cases was checked up to 31 December 1994 using a mixed follow-up system with the exclusion of 2900 cases lost to follow-up (11.2%). DCO proportions are shown for the major sites and compared to those of 1982. Observed survival rates were estimated by Kaplan-Meier method using the SPSS Statistical Software. The relative rates were estimated by the Hakulinen's Computer Program Package for Cancer Survival Studies (1988) using life tables from Cuban population. Statistical comparisons of survival curves by year of diagnosis were achieved by using the Log-Rank and Pearson statistic tests. Global results are shown by year of follow-up and a comparative analysis is done in time and with internationals values. Survival rates decreased in the period 1982/1988-1989 for colon, prostate and lung cancer. Prostate cancer shows a low five years relative survival rate when compared with the USA, but its observed rate is comparable with Puerto Rico's. Figures for mouth and lung cancer were comparable with the corresponding figures of the USA and Europe. Breast and cervix cancers rates are comparable with the European mean and the blacks in USA.
RESUMENIntroducción Cuba se encuentra entre los países con más altas tasas de incidencia y mortalidad por cáncer de laringe. Objetivos Identificar la distribución geográfica de la incidencia y mortalidad del cáncer de laringe durante el período 1999-2004. Métodos Se tomaron los casos nuevos reportados al Registro Nacional de Cáncer durante el período 1999-2003 y los fallecidos del período 2000-2004. Se estimaron las Razones de Incidencia y Mortalidad promedio Estandarizada por edades para ambas etapas. Como riesgo estándar se tomaron las tasas específicas promedio de incidencia y mortalidad por grupos de edades de Cuba para los períodos respectivos. Se realizó la representación cartográfica del riego estimado. Resultados El riesgo de enfermar y morir fue más alto en hombres que en mujeres. En hombres el riesgo de enfermar fue significativamente más alto en Villa Clara, Matanzas, Ciudad de La Habana e Isla de la Juventud, mientras que el mayor riego de morir se observó en Granma, Ciudad de La Habana, Holguín e Isla de la Juventud. En mujeres el riesgo de enfermar no mostró diferencias regionales significativas mientras que el riesgo de morir fue significativamente más alto en Pinar del Río. Conclusiones Las diferencias regionales de enfermar y morir por cáncer de laringe pueden sugerir diagnósticos más tardíos y tratamientos menos oportunos en algunas provincias. Estos hallazgos deben alertar a las autoridades sanitarias, fundamentalmente en lo que respecta a la revisión del cumplimiento de las guías de diagnóstico y tratamiento y al desarrollo de planes de actualización y formación de profesionales. ABSTRACTIntroduction Cuba is one of the countries with the highest rates of incidence of and mortality from laryngeal cancer. Objectives To identify the geographical distribution of the incidence of and mortality from laryngeal cancer in the 1999-2004 period. Methods The new cases reported to the National Register of Cancer from 1999 to 2003 as well as the deaths occured in the period of 2000 to 2004 were taken into consideration. Age-standardized average incidence and mortality rations for both periods were estimated. The standard risk was the specific average incidence and mortality rates by age groups in Cuba for the respective periods. The cartographic representation of the estimated risk was made. Results The risk of getting sick and dying was higher in men than in women. Regarding men, the risk of getting sick was significantly higher in Villa Clara, Matanzas, Ciudad de la Habana and Isla de la Juventud whereas the highest risk of dying was observed in Gramma, Ciudad de La Habana, Holguín and Isla de la Juventud. The risk of getting sick for women did not show significant regional differences whereas the risk of dying was substantially higher in Pinar del Río. Conclusions The regional differences in the risk of getting sick and dying from laryngeal cancer may suggest that later diagnosis and less timely therapies in some provinces could have been the causes. These findings should be an alert to the health author...
IntroducciónEl envejecimiento de la población es sin duda la principal característica demográfica de Cuba, en la actualidad y también perspectivamente, dada sus implicaciones económicas y sociales. Objetivos Describir características demográficas, sociales, psicológicas y otras de 61 cuidadores informales de personas que padecen demencia y que habían recibido atención en el Centro Iberoamericano para la Tercera Edad en La Habana, de 2004 a 2005. Métodos Se utilizó para la recogida de los datos el Cuestionario de Caracterización y la Escala Psicosocial del cuidador. Resultados Los cuidadores informales estudiados se caracterizaron por ser en su mayoría del sexo femenino, entre los 40 y 59 años, hijos de los enfermos, casados, sin vínculo laboral en un alto porcentaje y predominio de universitarios en la muestra. La mayoría de los cuidadores atendían al enfermo por razones afectivas, no tenían experiencia de cuidar a un enfermo crónico y llevaban menos de 1 año en esta labor, no tenían información acerca de la enfermedad, padecían de problemas nerviosos, óseos y musculares, entre otros y su estrategia de afrontamiento era, funadamentalmente, la búsqueda de apoyo externo. La afectación de índole socioeconómica se encontró mayormente en el poco tiempo libre, problemas económicos y conflictos familiares. Los sentimientos negativos más frecuentes fueron la angustia o aflicción, la ira, el miedo y la desesperanza. Conclusiones Los cuidadores informales tiene afectaciones múltiples relacionadas con la salud física y mental así como en el orden social y económico, por lo que se hace inminente la búsqueda de alternativas de apoyo puesto que, además de las dificultades planteadas, no cuentan con un mínimo de información acerca de la demencia y de los problemas que tiene el adulto mayor al que ofrecen sus cuidados, a pesar de tener un nivel de enseñanza superior en su mayoría.
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