A total of 224 weaned pigs (DanBred sows x PIC 337 sires) with an average body weight (BW) of 6.37 ± 0.34 kg (21 days of age) were used to evaluate how different levels of benzoic acid fed to weaning pigs orally inoculated with Escherichia coli (K88 ) affected the nursing and grow-finishing performance, the physicochemical properties of the intestine, the volatile fatty acid concentration in the caecum and the incidence of diarrhoea. Pigs were randomly allocated in an experimental design of randomized blocks in a 4 × 2 factorial design, and they were administered four levels of benzoic acid (0.00%, 0.25%, 0.50% and 0.75%) and inoculated (or not) in two consecutive days with 1 ml solution containing 10 CFU/ml of E. coli (K88 ). Seven replicates (pens) per treatment were used, and four animals were kept per pen. Supplementation with 0.75% benzoic acid promoted better performance (p < 0.05) in the nursery phase as well as in the subsequent phases until slaughter, and it decreased the incidence of diarrhoea in piglets (p < 0.05). In the piglets fed the benzoic acid diet, the villus height in the jejunum and ileum was greater until 42 days of life (p < 0.05), the crypt depth was decreased in the caecum (p < 0.05), and the butyric acid concentration was increased in the caecal content tendencially (p = 0.0708). In conclusion, supplementation with 0.75% benzoic acid has a positive effect on piglets by reducing diarrhoea, improving intestinal health and promoting the performance from weaning to finishing. Thus, benzoic acid can be considered a potential alternative that can replace growth-promoting antibiotics.

The aim of this study was to determine the values of apparent digestible energy (DE) and metabolizable energy (ME) for crude glycerin derived of biodiesel based on pork fat for finishing pigs. The diets consisted of a basal diet and four levels of crude glycerin (0, 5, 10 and 15%). Twelve pigs were housed individually in metabolic cages and after seven days of adaptation, total collections of urine and feces for four consecutive days were performed. Gross energy (GE) of crude glycerin, diets, urine and fecal samples from each animal was determined. The crude glycerin used in this experiment presented 74.74% glycerin and 6,500 kcal kg -1 gross energy. The values of digestible energy (DE) and metabolizable energy (ME) were estimated by difference in the DE, and content of the basal diet was subtracted from the test diets containing the ingredient. The amount of GE, DE and ME for finishing pigs was 6,500, 5,839 and 5,509 kcal kg -1 , respectively, with a coefficient of 91.0% of DE and 94.0% of ME. The energy of crude glycerin is based on the levels of fatty acids and GE depends on the concentration of fatty acids and glycerin, ME being a percentage of GE averaging is 84.75%.Energia digestível e metabolizável de glicerina bruta para suínos em terminação RESUMO. O objetivo do estudo foi determinar os valores de energia digestível (ED) e metabolizável (EM) aparente da glicerina bruta de biodiesel à base de gordura suína para suínos em terminação. Os tratamentos experimentais consistiram de quatro níveis de glicerina bruta (0, 5, 10 e 15%) a partir de uma dieta basal. Doze suínos foram alojados individualmente em gaiolas metabólicas e foram realizadas coletas de urina e fezes durante quatro dias. Foi determinada a energia bruta (EB) da glicerina bruta, das dietas, da urina e das amostras de fezes de cada animal. A glicerina bruta apresentou 74,74% de glicerina e 6.500 kcal de energia bruta kg -1 . Os valores de energia digestível (ED) e metabolizável (EM) foram estimados por diferença, em que o conteúdo ED e EM da dieta basal foram subtraídos das dietas contendo o ingrediente teste. A quantidade de EB, ED e EM para suínos em terminação foi de 6.500, 5.839 e 5.509 kcal kg -1 , respectivamente, com um coeficiente de 91,0% de ED e 94,0% de EM. A energia da glicerina bruta é baseada nos níveis de ácidos graxos e a EB depende da concentração de ácidos graxos e glicerina, sendo a EM um percentual da EB variando na média de 84,75%.Palavras-chave: biodiesel, coproduto, banha suína, suíno. 42Silveira et al.

No abstract

The use of corn, rice and soybean co-products is an alternative to a production with greater sustainability and better economic viability. An alternative proposes the use of isolated enzymes, or complexes of enzymes, and with the use of these enzymes in the diet that there are ingredients that are co-products, it is supposed to improve the digestibility and reduce the emission of pollutants present in the swine feces. Industrial swine farming, characterized by containment systems with large population densities, results in the production and accumulation of large amounts of residues in pig farms that, inadequately managed, have come to be considered as one of the main polluting sources. However, there are now several ways to reuse these wastes in a sustainable way. Examples are: decantation basins and the use of biodigesters, being this second option with a great cost benefit for the pig farmer. In view of the above, this review aims to address sustainable practices that are an option for pig producers to provide an economically viable and ecologically correct product

Aumentar a quantidade de carne na carcaça de suínos tem sido o objetivo não somente da indústria, como também do produtor de suínos, uma vez que melhora a rentabilidade e diminui os custos de produção. Neste sentido, objetivou-se com essa pesquisa avaliar o desempenho e as características de carcaça de suínos em terminação suplementados com diferentes níveis de ractopamina na dieta. Foram utilizados 60 suínos (30 machos castrados e 30 fêmeas), com peso inicial médio de 75,0 Kg alojados em baias de piso parcialmente ripado. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos casualizados com três níveis de ractopamina -0, 5 e 10 ppm, totalizando três tratamentos e dez repetições, com dois animais (um macho e uma fêmea) por baia (parcela experimental). Foram realizadas análises de desempenho (peso final, ganho de peso médio diário, consumo de ração médio diário e conversão alimentar) e de qualidade de carcaça (rendimento de carcaça, rendimento de carne na carcaça, espessura de toucinho e profundidade de lombo). A suplementação de 10 ppm de ractopamina na dieta de suínos em terminação aumentou o rendimento de carne na carcaça e reduziu a espessura de toucinho. Assim, conclui-se que a suplementação de 10 ppm de ractopamina na dieta de suínos em terminação melhora as características de carcaça. Palavras chave: nutrição; qualidade de carcaça; suinocultura.