Purpose To report the results of 12-month wear of three novel spectacle lens designs intended to reduce peripheral hyperopic defocus and one standard design control lens and their effect on the progression of myopia in Chinese children aged 6 to 16 years. Methods Chinese children (n = 210) with myopia (−0.75 D to −3.50 D sphere, cylinder ≤−1.50 D) were randomized to one of four groups wearing either one of three novel spectacle lens designs (types I, II, or III) or conventional, single-vision spectacle lenses. Data were collected at 6 and 12 months. Primary and secondary outcome measures were the changes in central cycloplegic auto-refraction and eye axial length, respectively. Peripheral refraction along the horizontal meridian (nasal and temporal) was taken at baseline with and without spectacle lenses. Multivariate linear regression was used to adjust analyses for important covariates. Results Progression in eyes wearing control spectacle lenses at 6 and 12 months was −0.55 D ± 0.35 D and −0.78 ± 0.50 D, respectively. For the entire group, no statistically significant differences were observed in the rates of progression with the novel designs in comparison to control spectacle lenses. However, in younger children (6 to 12 years) with parental history of myopia (n = 100), there was significantly less progression (−0.68 D ± 0.47 D vs. −0.97 D ± 0.48 D) with lens type III compared with control spectacles (mean difference, 0.29 D, std error, 0.11, p = 0.038). Conclusions There were no statistically significant differences in the rate of progression of myopia between the control and novel lens wearing eyes for the age group 6 to 16 years. The finding of reduced progression of myopia with type III lens design in younger children with parental myopia needs to be validated in a more targeted study.
Purpose To conduct a meta-analysis on the rates of myopia progression in urban children of Asian and predominately European ethnicities who are corrected with traditional single-vision spectacles. Methods A search of the National Library of Medicine’s PubMed literature database for articles on myopia progression was conducted using the terms ‘myopi*progression’ and MeSH terms ‘myopia’ and ‘disease progression’, and limited to publications from January 1990 and only for papers reporting data for humans < 16 years of age. Studies were excluded if they were non-randomized, did not use cycloplegic autorefraction, had a sample size less than 30 individuals, examined high myopia (worse than −6.0D) or special subject groups, presented myopia as part of a syndrome or condition, were retrospective, or used controls wearing optical corrections other than spectacles. Results Of 175 articles identified, 20 remained after applying the exclusion criteria. The estimated myopia progression at a mean age of 9.3 years after one year of follow-up was −0.55 D (95% C.I. −0.39 to −0.72 D) for populations of predominantly European extraction and −0.82 D (95% C.I. −0.71 to −0.93 D) for Asians. The estimated progression rates were dependent on baseline age, with decreasing progression as age increased. The rates also varied with gender. For an average baseline age of 8.8 years, estimated annual progression (combined ethnicities) was −0.80 D/year for females (95% CI: −0.51 to −1.10), and a significantly slower (p<0.01) −0.71 D/year for males (95% CI: −0.42 to −1.00). Conclusions In children wearing single-vision spectacles, higher myopia progression rates were found in urban Asians compared to urban populations of predominantly European descent. Younger children and females demonstrated greater annual rates of progression of myopia.
The present study involves a cross-sectional investigation of second-language (L2) communication among students in a junior high French late immersion program. The effects of language, sex, and grade on willingness to communicate (WTC), anxiety, and perceived communication competence, on frequency of communication in French, and on the attitude and motivation variables are examined globally and at each grade level. It was found that students' L2 WTC, perceived competence, and frequency of communication in French increased from grades 7 to 8 and was
Immersion and other intensive language progtams produce both linguistic and non-linguistic outcomes. A principal non-linguistic outcome would be a willingness to communicate in the second language (L2), given the opportunity. Both increasing perceived competence and lowering anxiety help to foster a willingness to communicate. These variables are related to motivation for language learning and are expected to differ between immersion and non-immersion learners. Among universitylevel students, this study evaluates differences between immersion and non-immersion students in willingness to communicate, communication apprehension, perceived com_ petence, and frequency of communicating. Also examined are elements of integrative motivation. Differences between immersion and non-immersion groups are observed in the communication-related variables, but not in motivation. correlations among these variables also differ between the groups. Results are examined in terms of Skehan,s notion of talking in order to learn and a model of L2 willingness to communrcate R€sum6 : L'immersion et d,autres progTammes intensifs de langue produisent des r6sultats non linguistiques aussi bien que linguistiques. Le
Interest in peripheral refractive errors has increased as it was hypothesized that peripheral hypermetropia might provide a stimulus for axial elongation (Smith et al., 2005), this study was to determine relative peripheral refractive errors (RPRE) of the eyes of a group of Chinese children and adults. Central and peripheral (20 degrees , 30 degrees , 40 degrees at nasal, temporal, superior and inferior meridians of retina) refractive errors were obtained from cyclopleged eyes of 40 children and 42 adults with a Shin-Nippon auto-refractor. Only right eyes were considered. Central spherical equivalent (M) was used to classify the eyes as Moderate Myopia (MM, -3.00 < M < or = -6.00D), Low Myopia (LM, -0.50 < or = M < or = -3.00D), Emmetropia (E, -0.50
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