Of them, the Yamal records of the three latest species represent the westernmost limit of their known distribution. In terms of regional composition, the spider fauna of northern Yamal is indeed Siberian, which sets it apart from the fauna of southern Yamal containing significantly more European elements. In zonal terms, the araneofauna of northern Yamal has an arctic appearance and contains only two polyzonal elements, with the rest of species displaying arctic, arcto-alpine or arcto-boreal distributional patterns. Despite the most pessimal environmental conditions, the zonal tundra communities yield a comparable number of species to that of intrazonal biotopes which are characterized by a significantly smoother gradient of climatic factors. Most species of local, arctic tundra populations are polytopic or eurytopic, i.e. the species inhabiting the entire landscape profile and all/most of the vegetation types, showing no preference to a specific landscape element or a plant community. Only two species could be characterized as typical zonal elements: arctic Halorates spetsbergensis (Thorell, 1872) and Xysticus albidus Grese, 1909; and five species as typical intrazonal elements:

Recently, in several areas of the Middle East, a sharp increase of cutaneous leishmaniasis was observed in suburbs of larger towns including Jerusalem. In some of these areas, poor housing conditions and unsuitable waste management was suspected to provide ideal conditions for sand fly breeding, but hard data on diurnal resting sites and breeding habitats of most sand fly species are scant. In this study, we chose 16 sites on both slopes and the bottom of a natural valley in the Judean Desert to conduct a survey of sand fly distribution with emergence traps. Altogether, 1,261 sand flies, 52% Phlebotomus syriacus, 22% P. sergenti, 14% P. papatasi and 12% P. tobbi were caught. About two thirds of the flies caught were resting, while the other third emerged from breeding sites. All four species showed clear preferences for resting and breeding sites, but generally, most sand flies were breeding in the more humid habitats, namely the bottom of the valley, the adjacent north facing slope, terraces on the north facing slope, and caves. The vegetation cover also appeared to be important for resting habitats; on the bottom of the valley more than six times as many sand flies were collected in areas covered by dense vegetation than in areas with low vegetation cover. P. sergenti seemed also to better tolerate the drier habitats, which might explain the abundance of this species in the arid Judean Desert. Journal of Vector Ecology 36 (Supplement 1): S195-S205. 2011.

A checklist of 105 spiders from the tundra zone of the Kola Peninsula is based and compiled on the original collections and on available literature data. Oreoneta sinuosa (Tullgren, 1955) is reported as a new to the Russian fauna. A new synonym is proposed: Lepthyphantes murmanicola Strand, 1913, syn.n. = Oryphantes angulatus (O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1881). Some previous misidentifications are rectified. Faunistic data and the distribution pattern are indicated for each species. For the majority of the recorded spiders, the northern coast of the Kola Peninsula is the northernmost point of their known distributions. The spider fauna of the tundra zone of the Kola Peninsula has a typical boreal face, and is composed of widespread or European boreal/polyzonal species. There are no real Arctic elements found here. The zonal plant communities have the fewest spider species, lack of the specific elements, and are comprised of boreal or ubiquitous species. Intrazonal and anthropogenic communities are much richer, and together with azonal communities serve as a shelter not only for the southern elements, but also for the arcto-alpine species. ÐÅÇÞÌÅ. Ïðèâåäåí àííîòèðîâàííûé ñïèñîê 105 âèäîâ ïàóêîâ òóíäðîâîé çîíû Êîëüñêîãî ï-îâà, ñîñòàâëåííûé íà îñíîâàíèè íåäàâíèõ ñáîðîâ è ëèòåðàòóðíûõ äàííûõ. Âèä Oreoneta sinuosa (Tullgren, 1955) âïåðâûå îòìå÷åí äëÿ ôàóíû Ðîññèè. Lepthyphantes murmanicola Strand, 1913, syn.n. ïðèçíàí ìëàäøèì ñèíîíèìîì Oryphantes angulatus (O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1881). Èñïðàâëåíû íåêîòîðûå îøèáî÷íûå îïðåäåëåíèÿ ïðåäûäóùèõ àâòîðîâ. Äëÿ êàaeäîãî âèäà ïðèâåäåíû ìåñòà íàõîäîê è òèï àðåàëà. Äëÿ áîëüøèíñòâà îòìå÷åííûõ âèäîâ ñåâåðíîå

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Knowledge about diurnal resting sites of sand flies is scanty and often anecdotal. In this study, we explored a part natural -part agricultural oasis in Neot Hakikar, Israel, looking for sand fly resting sites. To achieve this, we developed a new type of emergence trap. Sixteen types of microhabitats were examined and in seven of these, we also investigated the rodent burrows. We found that Phlebotomus papatasi showed clear preferences for resting sites characterized by vegetation cover, type of vegetation, and the presence of a mulch layer. In habitats with bare soil and little shade, few or no resting sand flies were found outside rodent burrows. Apart from the trunks of date trees, most resting P. papatasi were found in disturbed habitats, especially in large piles of organic waste and in a plowed field. Though catches from rodent burrow exits were always higher than from the nearby ground, it is safe to assume that the few burrows in this vast oasis do not play an important role for breeding and resting of P. papatasi. It also appears that disturbing the natural environment further increases the already considerable sand fly population. Journal of Vector Ecology 36 (Supplement 1): S179-S186. 2011.

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