No abstract

Durante las últimas dos décadas, la utilización de reglas fiscales ha tenido un aumento significativo alrededor del mundo. Si bien la evidencia internacional ha destacado algunos beneficios a partir de su implementación, las experiencias de América Latina en la puesta en marcha y los resultados han sido heterogéneos. Esas reglas fiscales inicialmente cobijaban a los gobiernos nacionales, pero luego se fueron ampliando a los subnacionales, en parte porque los procesos de descentralización fiscal fueron entregando más responsabilidades en materia de ingreso y gasto público a los gobiernos subnacionales. La revisión de las experiencias internacionales en esta materia provee lecciones de política importantes para futuros cambios en las normas de responsabilidad fiscal nacional y subnacional en los países, en especial ante las condiciones que ha impuesto al sector público la pandemia del COVID-19. Este documento hace una revisión exhaustiva de la evolución de las reglas fiscales subnacionales alrededor del mundo, identificando los principales factores que contribuyen al éxito o fracaso de estas. Además, permite identificar los elementos clave en una posible agenda de reforma ante las fallas en las reglas fiscales que ha visibilizado la actual pandemia.

Although 71% of the planet is covered by ocean, we suffer from oceanic blindness; we tend to underestimate its importance and significance. We live in ignorance of how our actions affect the health of the ocean, its resources, and the increasingly fragile sustainability of the many activities that depend on it. The ocean is the life support and the lung of the Earth. Earle (2009) declared "Far and away, the greatest threat to the ocean, and thus to ourselves, is ignorance." We are not fully aware of the unprecedented pressure we are subjecting the ocean to, and caring for our ocean is one of the keys in developing a strategy to reduce or mitigate the effects of climate change. Oceanic blindness is widely extended in Chile. Children grow up under the premise that our country is a "long and narrow strip of land," a wrong premise that prevents them from approaching the ocean. In fact, Chile is more sea than land, with a coastline that exceeds 83,500 km, equivalent to twice the equator line. In addition, it exercises sovereignty over an Exclusive Economic Zone of 200 nautical miles and 350 nautical miles of oceanic areas surrounding the archipelagos and Chilean Polynesian islands. The country has several marine ecosystems, some of them being present in only a few places in the world (fjords, glaciers, upwelling areas, and zones of minimum oxygen concentration). However, many Chileans, excluding those from island communities, are not fully aware of the importance of the sea. Few, apart from those who rely on coastal environments for their livelihoods, look at the sea and give it an important place in their worldview. The inclusion of cosmologies from island communities in oceanic science communication will contribute to a gradual appropriation by communities that live at distance from the ocean. How to do this is a challenge. It is necessary to use innovative, inclusive, and accessible products that call the attention of our main target audience: children and adolescents.Seen from the outside, it could be considered that in Chile there is not enough research done on marine and oceanographic subjects. In fact, in 2018, the Universidad de Concepción was ranked, according to the Academic Ranking of World Universities (ARWU), as the number one institute for oceanographic studies in Latin America. The