Introduction: Much have been reported about esophago-left atrium fistula. However, esophago-mediastinal fistula, not reaching the left atrium, has not been studied as a different clinical entity, with different management. Methods and Results: We review and discuss the literature of esophagomediastinum fistula after catheter ablation for atrial fibrillation with emphasis on the following points: the timing of its occurrence after ablation; the mechanisms and localization of the fistula; and its natural history. Conclusion: We showed that esophageal stenting was associated with a better outcome in patients with esophagus-mediastinal fistula, introduced the concept of left atrial wall weakening during ablation, and suggest a possible role of contact force use in fistula formation.
Coronary artery fistula is rare, but the anesthesiologist may be faced with this type of patient in distinct situations. Understanding its pathophysiology is important for better perioperative management of the patient, therefore improving the prognosis.
Background
Benign metastasizing leiomyoma (BML) is a smooth muscle tumour of genital origin occurring in women with a history of uterine or pelvic leiomyoma. Although histologically benign, it exhibits metastatic behaviour. Lungs are the most common site of metastasis. The heart is a rare site and metastasis at this location has been described in just few cases.
Case summary
A 42-year-old woman with a resected uterine leiomyoma and a subsequent and still not-resected left periovarian solid mass began complaining of shortness of breath 2 weeks before presentation. Echocardiography showed a mass located in the right ventricular cavity, enlargement of the right ventricle, and severe tricuspid regurgitation. Cardiac magnetic resonance revealed two masses suggestive of tumours in the right ventricle causing right ventricular outflow tract obstruction. Cardiac surgery was performed and, intraoperatively, a third small mass was detected on the tricuspid valve. The masses were resected, and tricuspid valve replacement was performed. Ten days later, the patient underwent an abdominal surgery for the pelvic mass resection. Immunohistochemical analysis of the cardiac and pelvic masses corroborated the diagnosis of benign leiomyomas. The patient was discharged in good clinical condition.
Discussion
Benign metastasizing leiomyoma to the heart is a rare condition. The pathogenesis remains controversial and includes: (i) vascular or lymphatic spread of myomatous tissue cells when leiomyoma resection or hysterectomy is performed and (ii) smooth muscle cell proliferation in multiple regions. The more usual locations of BML in the heart seem to be the tricuspid valve and the right face of the interventricular septum.
Aorta tóraco-abdominal 12-5% (1' J Um paci en te reop e rado Aorta ascendente 97 (1 •)-40% Aorta abdominal 91-37% l Arco aórtico 13 (2•)-6% (2-) Um pac iente prev iam ente submetido a co ndut o nâo valvulado na aorta ascendente .
JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS:Os mixomas atriais são a forma mais comum de tumor intracardíaco primário. Apesar de serem tumores de comportamento benigno, recomenda-se que sejam retirados tão logo diagnosticados devido à possibilidade de embolização do tumor com suas nefastas conseqüências. O objetivo do presente relato foi apresentar um caso de tumor intracardíaco com localização rara (intra-atrial direito) que apresentou embolização intra-operatória de parte do tumor e alertar os anestesiologistas para a possibilidade dessa complicação, além de discutir a conduta anestésica.
RELATO DO CASO:Paciente do sexo masculino, 42 anos, portador de grande massa em átrio direito, submetido à retirada do tumor. A indução da anestesia foi feita com etomidato, fentanil e brometo de rocurônio e a manutenção, com isoflurano e fentanil.No intra-operatório o paciente apresentou quadro de cor pulmonale agudo em virtude da embolização de parte do tumor, sendo realizadas medidas de suporte e iniciada rapidamente a circulação extracorpórea. O restante da operação transcorreu bem e o paciente recebeu alta no sétimo dia pós-operatório em boas condições.
CONCLUSÕES:Apesar do mixoma intracardíaco ser um tumor de características benignas, ele pode estar associado a complicações graves e às vezes fatais. O conhecimento da doença é importante para que o anestesiologista possa manusear de modo adequado esses pacientes, bem como diagnosticar e tratar as possíveis complicações intra-operatórias.
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