In this population of HIV-infected individuals, QFT-G and TST showed an acceptable level of agreement, although QFT-G appears less affected by more advanced immunosuppression.

Xpert MTB/RIF provided earlier TB diagnosis in 25% more cases than acid-fast smear alone. Its implementation should be considered for TB diagnosis in HIV-positive patients even outside TB-endemic areas.

Background: Efavirenz (EFV), a non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor, and atazanavir (ATV), a protease inhibitor, are drugs widely used in antiretroviral therapy (ART) for people living with HIV. These drugs have shown high interindividual variability in adverse drug reactions (ADRs). UGT1A1*28 and CYP2B6 c.516G>T have been proposed to be related with higher toxicity by ATV and EFV, respectively.Objective: To study the association between genetic polymorphisms and ADRs related to EFV or ATV in patients living with HIV treated at a public hospital in Chile.Methods: Epidemiologic, case–control, retrospective, observational study in 67 adult patients under EFV or ATV treatment was conducted, in the San Juan de Dios Hospital. Data were obtained from patients’ medical records. Genotype analyses were performed using rtPCR for rs887829 (indirect identification of UGT1A1*28 allele) and rs3745274 (CYP2B6 c.516G>T), with TaqMan® probes. The association analyses were performed with univariate logistic regression between genetic variants using three inheritance models (codominant, recessive, and dominant).Results: In ATV-treated patients, hyperbilirubinemia (total bilirubin >1.2 mg/dl) had the main incidence (61.11%), and moderate and severe hyperbilirubinemia (total bilirubin >1.9 mg/dl) were statistically associated with UGT1A1*28 in recessive and codominant inheritance models (OR = 16.33, p = 0.028 and OR = 10.82, p = 0.036, respectively). On the other hand, in EFV-treated patients adverse reactions associated with CNS toxicity reached 34.21%. In this respect, nightmares showed significant association with CYP2B6 c.516G>T, in codominant and recessive inheritance models (OR = 12.00, p = 0.031 and OR = 7.14, p = 0.042, respectively). Grouped CNS ADRs (nightmares, insomnia, anxiety, and suicide attempt) also showed a statistically significant association with CYP2B6 c.516G > T in the codominant and recessive models (OR = 30.00, p = 0.011 and OR = 14.99, p = 0.021, respectively).Conclusion: Our findings suggest that after treatment with ATV or EFV, UGT1A1*28 and CYP2B6 c.516G>T influence the appearance of moderate-to-severe hyperbilirubinemia and CNS toxicity, respectively. However, larger prospective studies will be necessary to validate these associations in our population. Without a doubt, improving adherence in patients living with HIV is a critical issue to the success of therapy. Hence, validating and applying international pharmacogenetic recommendations in Latin American countries would improve the precision of ART: a fundamental aspect to achieve the 95–95–95 treatment target proposed by UNAIDS.

Daptomycin recently made available in Chile, belongs to a new family of antimicrobials known as lypopeptides. Daptomycin has a unique mechanism of action and a potent bactericidal activity over susceptible agents. It is active against a number of clinically significant Gram positive cocci, including strains of Staphylococcus aureus and Enterococcus spp., both susceptible and resistant to classic antimicrobials. Daptomycin has been approved for clinical use in skin and soft tissue infections, and for S. aureus bacteremia in adult patients. Ongoing trials suggest that daptomycin is also useful in the treatment of other infections such as osteomyelitis, biofilm producing infections, and in immunocompromised patients, particularly onco-hematologic patients. The main adverse reaction associated with daptomycin use is myopathy, usually mild and reversible.

La nocardiosis es una infección localizada o sistémica que afecta principalmente a pacientes inmunocomprometidos, siendo la localización pulmonar el sitio más frecuente. La transmisión proviene principalmente de la inhalación de esporas o mediante la inoculación directa en la piel y mucosa ocular. Se han descrito más de 90 especies de Nocardia, de éstas más de la mitad son reconocidas como patógenos en humanos. Las especies de importancia médica más conocidas son Nocardia farcinica, Nocardia abscessus, Nocardia nova y Nocardia brasiliensis. En Chile hay casos publicados de infección por Nocardia asteroides y N. farcinica. Nocardia cyriacigeorgica se considera una especie emergente, no habiendo casos descritos previamente en nuestro país. Presentamos el caso clínico de una nocardiosis pulmonar en un paciente con síndrome de inmunodeficiencia adquirida (SIDA). Palabras clave: Nocardia spp.; infecciones en inmunocomprometidos; VIH en etapa SIDA.

Los autores declaran no tener conflictos de interés.

No abstract

No abstract