The aim of this study was to determine the impacts of anthropogenic disturbances on compositions of prokaryote communites (CPCs) in Chaohu Lake and its three urban tributaries, in China. Prokaryotic diversity in Chaohu Lake and its tributaries was high, and prokaryotic communities showed lower richness in Nanfei River than in Zhegao River and Hangbu River, with waterbody nutrient levels negatively corresponding to prokaryotic diversity. Except for a few rare prokaryotes, or where classification was unclear, the prokaryotes were distributed into 13 phyla and 924 genera. The dominant prokaryotic phyla were Proteobacteria (31.51%), Bacteroidetes (26.50%), Cyanobacteria (19.05%), and Actinobacteria (10.71%). Redundancy analysis (RDA) results showed CPCs, as well as abundances of Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, and Firmicutes to be primarily affected by the concentration of total phosphorus (TP). Furthermore, Cyanobacteria showed a significant correlation with the concentrations of total nitrogen (TN), nitrate (NO3) and ammonia nitrogen (NH4). pH was correlated with Planctomycetes, while Thermotogae was generally associated with water temperature (WT). These results suggest that trophic status could play an important role in shaping CPCs in both freshwater lakes and rivers. Ultimately, urbanization was found to cause the deterioration of water quality within Chaohu Lake and its tributaries.
R ural credit is the crux of the great financial problem facing China today. In a country where over three fourths of the population are peasants and no less than four fifths of the national income is derived from agriculture, the inadequacy of the system of rural financing not only affects the individual life of the bulk of the people but it also vitally concerns the entire national economy. The rural problem must be solved if the other leading economic obstacles to China's development are to be overcome. Even expansion or merely revival of trading relations with foreign nations hinges upon the solution. The real difficulties and intricacies of the question of rural credits in China are highly complicated. In a memorandum on Land and Labor in China, prepared for the Conference of the Institute of Pacific Relations held at Shanghai in November 1931, Professor R. H. Tawney pointed out that "money-lending in China is a world in itself, which cries out for investigation." "Whether it is to be described," he added, "in the mediaeval phrase, as a vorago iniquitatis, or as part of the sensitive and delicate mechanism of credit, is a matter of taste. Officials and gentry are one element in it; merchants a second; professional moneylenders , who specialize in the business, a third; pawnshops, a vast and powerful vested interest supported by all three, a fourth; certain types of banks, a fifth; farmers who have managed to lay by a little money and use it to make advances, for a consideration, to their poorer neighbours, a sixth." Virtually all these sources of credit are mediaeval in form and pre-capitalistic in character. They may be grouped in two general categories, which for lack of better terms in the English language may be called usury capital and merchant capital. Actually there are other sources of credit in addition to those mentioned in the preceding paragraph, sources of modern type. Outstanding among these are the rural cooperatives sponsored either by such organizations as the China International Famine Relief Commission or by those banks which, in the face of the present growing tendency of general disintegration in the rural economy of China, have recognized in principle their unevadable responsibility for the recent "rural rehabili
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